Xu Gan

Xu Gan

Xu Gan (170-217 years), the word Weichang, Beihai County drama county (now Shandong Province Weifang City Hanting district Zhuli town huiquanzhuang) people. He was a famous litterateur, philosopher and poet in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

He is diligent and studious since he was a child. After Cao Cao pacified the north, he served as a member of Sikong (Cao Cao) army to offer sacrifices and wine, and was transferred to Wuguan Zhonglang general (Cao Pi) as a literary director. In the spring of 217, the 22nd year of Jian'an, he died of a disease at the age of 48.

He is famous for his poems, Fu and political comments. Representative works: Zhonglun, a reply to Liu Zhen and Xuanyu Fu. His book Zhonglun had a profound influence on the rulers and writers of the past dynasties.

(< I > source of the picture in the overview: < / I > < I > Xu's genealogy in Yaojiang, Zhejiang) < / I >

Life of the characters

Xu Gan (170-217), a native of Beihai county (now Shouguang City, Shandong Province), was an outstanding writer and philosopher in the late Eastern Han Dynasty

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He has been diligent and studious since he was young, and he has been able to "recite hundreds of thousands of words" before the age of 15. Because he was "very angry and forgetful of food, he went down to the curtain and thought about it day and night", he was able to "read the Five Classics in his mouth, read biographies, write a chapter and write a book before he was 20 years old".

When he was young, at the end of the reign of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, the eunuch was in power and the government was corrupt. At that time, Xu Gancai, a prefectural herdsman, was named as "a man with a strange life and even a desire to fight.". He "belittled the officials and ignored the salary, but did not delay the prosperity of the world.". Cao Cao once asked him to offer sacrifices to the Sikong army, join the army, and become a general of the five sense organs. He resigned because of his illness. Although he lived a very poor life, he never felt sad. Cao Cao also appointed him as the head of AI, he still said that the disease is not on. In Jian'an, I saw that Cao Cao calmed down the north and China was expected to be reunified. That is to say, he was called to offer sacrifices to the Sikong army, and turned his five sense organs to literature. After five or six years, he returned home with illness. "Poor body, poor lane, yizhi fidelity", although "eclipsed with the sun", but also "do not think that Qi.". (cited and seen in the preface to the middle treatise) later, he was given AI Chang, but he was not cured because of his illness. In the spring of 217, the 22nd year of Jian'an, the plague was prevalent, and the stem also died of the disease.

Character evaluation

When Cao Pi talked about Xu Gan, he said: "looking at the ancient and modern literature, human beings are not careful and can hardly stand on their own feet by virtue of fame and integrity. However, Wei Chang is a gentle gentleman who only cherishes literature and quality, is indifferent to desires, and has a lofty ambition."

Main achievements

thought

Xu Gan was good at Ci Fu and could write poems. "His five character poems were wonderful at that time," Cao Pi highly appreciated. He once said, "when you're dry, you're free Although Zhang (Heng) and CAI (Yong) can't do it, "Gan Zhi's" xuanape "," Liuzhe "," yuanfan "and" Jufu " The extant work Zhonglun reflects his philosophical thoughts and the style of his articles. Among them, in the chapter of scholarship, the author puts forward the idea of "not suffering from the lack of support for talents, but suffering from the lack of ambition", which emphasizes the importance of subjective efforts; he also says that "great justice comes first, and the name of things comes later", and he opposes "despicable scholars" and "being reserved for exegesis and exegesis, but unable to unify the great justice", criticizing the formalism of scholarship at that time. In the chapter of Xu Dao, he said, "a man's virtue is a virtual instrument."! The deficiency of Qi leads to the annotation of things, and the fullness leads to the stagnation of Yan. Therefore, a gentleman is always modest in his mind, respectful in his appearance, and does not put his talents above others. He is wise in his opinion, and he is not enough in his self-esteem. Therefore, people are willing to tell him "and use metaphors to illustrate the truth that modesty can benefit people. He also said: "if people's eyes and ears are used by me, then my intelligence is invincible in the world! It means "one man, one man, one man". He thinks that "sages" are not enough just for their moral integrity. Only by "enriching the people and making everything extremely good" and "making contributions to the world", can they be called "wise philosophers", and require scholars to have the ambition to save the world and really do something beneficial to the people. Xu Gan's views were of great significance at that time. Cao Pi once praised this and said: "I'm not sure He wrote more than 20 chapters of Zhonglun, which became the words of a family. His words and meanings were elegant and passed down to later generations. This son is immortal! "

poetry

All his life, Xu Gan was famous for his "metaphysical style". In terms of creation, he is good at poetry, Fu and prose. There are three poems, all of which are five character poems. Today, Xu Gan's works are different from those of other Jian'an writers because there are no such works as Gongyan and cockfighting. Xu Gan's poetry achievement is not high, Zhong Rong's "poetry" put him in the second grade. Although Zhong Rong belittled it too much, his poems are inferior to those of Wang can and Liu Zhen. Most of the poems are lost, and now there are 10 (see the poem of pre Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Nan and Northern Dynasties) written by Fu Qinli, among which six are Shi Si and a reply to Liu Zhen are more outstanding. Shi Si is a poem about missing a woman. It consists of six chapters. It describes a woman's nostalgia for her husband who did not return from a long journey: "sitting upright and doing nothing is like the glory of the king", "thinking of the king is like running water, how can he be poor for a long time", and even "unable to sleep". She dreams of flying to her husband by the feather of hongluan and meeting him. Sometimes they worry that their husband will "forget the past" and have a new love outside. The whole poem is affectionate, with delicate psychological depiction, which is very euphemistic and moving. In response to Liu Zhen, the language is simple and sincere, which is also a good work.

Fu

Xu GaN has a high reputation in terms of Ci and Fu. His "xuanape Fu", "Liuzhe Fu", "Jufu" (all the above are missing), yuanfan Fu and so on were once rated as "although Zhang (Heng) and CAI (Yong) Bute" (dianlun · Wenwen) by Cao PI; Liu Xie also cited him and Wang can as the "Fu head" of Wei Dynasty (Wenxindiaolong · Quanfu). Today, there are less than 10 works, and most of them are incomplete. Among them, Qi Du Fu, from the perspective of the remnant text, may be quite large in scale.

Prose

Xu Gan himself is good at Ci Fu and can write poems. His five character poems are wonderful at that time. Today, Xu Gan's only surviving works are prose collection Zhonglun. This book comprehensively reflects his philosophical thoughts and the style of his articles. At that time, people commented that his Zhonglun was "more than enough to damage the world, but less than enough to benefit the common customs" and "to seek help from the saints and the common people". At that time, Cao Pi praised the book as "the speech of a family, elegant words and meanings, and passed down to the later generations." (with Wu Zhishu).

The writing theme of Zhonglun is: "I often want to damage the world and benefit the common customs. I see the beautiful articles of CI people and write them from time to time. There was no one who expounded the great righteousness, spread Taoism, prayed for saints and saved the common customs. Therefore, I abandoned the poems, Fu, song, Ming and praise, and wrote 22 Zhonglun books" (preface to Zhonglun). This volume consists of two parts: volume one and volume two. Volume one consists of 10 parts, which mainly deals with the principles of handling affairs and moral cultivation. Volume two consists of 10 parts, most of which deals with the relationship between the monarch and his officials and the political mechanism. Therefore, it is a collection of ethics and politics. In general, his ideological tendency was in accordance with the Confucian purport, and most of his ancestors described the words of the former kings, Confucius and Mencius. At the same time, he was also influenced by Taoism and Legalism. Zhonglun has some criticisms on current malpractices, but the author is more moderate and cautious, generally does not denounce current events, so it seems that the purpose of the speech is far away, less sharp. Compared with Zhong Changtong's Changyan at the same time, its profundity of exposing realistic contradictions and sharpness of criticism are inferior. The language of Zhonglun is relatively plain, and its argumentation is logical and coherent. It is also a good monograph on argumentation. It is a monograph of "Jian'an Qizi".

His works, except Zhonglun, have been lost. There are five volumes in Sui Shu jingjizhi, which have been lost. The collection of Xu Weichang, compiled by Yang Dezhou in Ming Dynasty and by Chen Chaofu in Qing Dynasty, has six volumes, which are included in the seven subsets of Huike Jian'an. There are two volumes of Zhonglun and a photocopy of Qingzhou edition of sibucong. The old Shouguang county annals contains eight poems and one Qi Du Fu.

personal works

one

love poem

The high palace is full of gloom and the broad mansion is desolate. Breeze from boudoir, down sunshine terrace.

Hesitating under the cloud house, roaring song leaning on the Chinese Ying. You do not return, I act for who.

If you don't close the oven, dust will grow on the mirror case. Qi Luo abnormal color, Jin Cui dark no essence.

When the delicious food is forgotten, the wine is often stopped. Looking at the empty silence, only heard the sound of sparrow.

The center of sorrow is like waking up.

two

Answer to Liu Zhen

There is little to do with my son.

When I think about it, I feel like three springs.

Although the road is very close, it's as difficult as nine passes.

Tao Tao and Zhu xiade are rich in vegetation.

three

Farewell to my wife

When I marry you, I will leave you.

The cool wind moves the autumn grass and crickets sing.

It's cold and the cicada is singing, and the cicada is singing to hold the dead branch.

When the dead branch flies, the body suddenly moves.

Not sad body migration, but cherish the years.

The years are endless. We can know when we meet.

Willing to double yellow swan, Biyi play clear pool.

four

Shi Si

(1)

Gloomy knot worry, worry for whom Xing. I want to say goodbye to you. The good meeting has not been scheduled, the center is destroyed and injured. If you don't worry about food, you are always hungry. Sitting upright and doing nothing, you are radiant.

(2)

I am the first mountain, long road. You have gone far away, and you are old with depression. Life in the world, suddenly as late spring grass. When you can't have time again, why worry about yourself. Every time I recite the great kindness of the past, how can I protect my humble body.

(3)

Floating clouds he Yangyang, willing to pass my speech. You can't send it to me, you can't send it to me. When you leave, you will return. Since you came out, the mirror is dark. I think of you like running water. It's time to be poor.

(4)

At the end of the miserable season, the blue leaves withered again. Sigh long sigh, Jun period comfort my feelings. If you can't sleep, how long is the night. He crept out of the house and looked up at sanxinglian. I hate myself, and I cry like a spring.

(5)

Think of you, see towel, to benefit me. An Dehong luanyu is the man in his heart. If you don't succeed sincerely, you'll be the first to stand up. If you don't see it, there is no reason to return. Therefore, such as flounder, now separated as shenchen.

(6)

There is no beginning for a man. I want you to end it. Don't come

Chinese PinYin : Xu Gan