Sanlo

Sanlo

Shengle, or Shengle ancient city, was the northern capital of Tuoba Xianbei Dynasty. The specific address can not be determined because of its long history. Archaeology has proved that the hulinger Tuchengzi site, located in the north of hulinger County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is shenglecheng site.

Tuoba Xianbei moved to Shengle, where the nomads rose and established the dynastic state and the Northern Wei Dynasty. Since the ancestor Tuoba Liwei, more than a dozen leaders and queens have died in Shengle. Shengle city continued to be used for more than a thousand years. In the Sui Dynasty, Dali city was built for Turks. In the Tang Dynasty, it was changed into Yunzhong City, Chanyu city and Zhenwu city. Liao set Zhenwu County, Jin town.

The ancient city of Shengle has passed through many dynasties, carrying the colorful ancient civilization of various nationalities.

Historical evolution

Wei Jin period

In the summer of April of the 39th year of Tuoba Liwei, the Lord of each department came to Shengle to offer sacrifices to heaven, but the Lord of Bai Department hesitated. Baibu is Murong Xianbei. Murong people have white skin, which is called white Xianbei. Tuoba Liwei killed Baibu. Kill white adult, far and near respectful, all shock clothes. The killing of Bai Bu proved that the country established by Tuoba Bu in Shengle had powerful power of suppression. Tuoba Liwei issued a declaration in Shengle, telling the adults: "I have seen all the Xiongnu and Tatton people of the former dynasty. They were greedy for money and plundered the people on the border. Although they have gained something, their deaths and injuries are not enough to make up for each other, and they have attracted many enemies, and the people are suffering. It is not a long-term strategy." This is not only a manifesto issued by Tuoba Liwei to the ministers, but also a national policy announced. So Tuoba was friendly with Wei and Jin Dynasties. After Tuoba Liwei moved to Shengle, there were four major tribes and many small tribes, with a total of 108 large, medium and small tribes. The four major divisions are Tuoba, meiluhui, Baibu and wuwan (Wuhuan and Northern Hu people). He was the king of wuwan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The king of wuwan under the command of Shengle is kuxian. Tuoba tribe was in charge. Tuoba Liwei became the hereditary chief. He was the leader of the tribal alliance and led the whole desert south. After he ascended the throne, he was revered as his ancestor.

After the death of Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, the "eight kings' rebellion" intensified. Tuoba Xianbei, which was divided into three parts, opened up Xinjiang and prospered the country, and expanded the influence scope of his tribe respectively, which was known as the huanmu period at that time. During this period, Liu Yuan, a descendant of Xiongnu, called himself king and established the Han Kingdom, which began the period of the Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms. In order to resist the Han state, the Western Jin Dynasty formed military allies with Tuoba Yiya and Tuoba Yilu. Later, Tuoba Yilu unified the three tribes and gained the territory of five counties to the north of Yanmen in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the Western Jin Dynasty, the imperial court successively ordered Yilu to be Da Danyu, Dai Gong and Dai Wang. Yilu lived in Shengle as the northern capital, and took old Pingcheng as the southern capital. "Wei Shu · Xu Ji · Mu Di" records: "in the sixth year, chengshengle was regarded as the northern capital, xiugupingcheng as the southern capital." In 313 ad, the first year of emperor Jianxing, Shengle has been the capital of Tuoba Xianbei for 55 years. In 315 A.D., Yilu established the state of Dai in Shengle.

The period of dynastic state

In 338 ad, Tuobashi Yiqian was the king. Tuoba shiyiqian was a hostage in later Zhao Xiangguo and ye. He heard and witnessed the farming civilization of the Central Plains. It was the hometown of wheat and cotton, and the agricultural civilization of the Central Plains left a deep impression on him. Xiangguo and ye have a long agricultural civilization. Ximenbao, marquis Wen of the Warring States period, once broke the local superstition of "he Bo married his daughter-in-law" by digging canals and diverting water from Zhangzhou to irrigate agriculture. After he became king, he began to pay attention to the development of agricultural production. In the spring of 340, the third year of his accession to the throne, he moved the capital to Shengle palace in the clouds. All of them are out of the need of developing agricultural production. This is the first in the history of Tuoba Xianbei. At the beginning, Tuoba shiyiqian went to Xiangguo and followed more than 5000 families. Ten years later, more than 5000 families learned farming and returned to Shengle. They needed to be resettled to a place where they could engage in farming. Tuoba shiyiqian wanted to move his capital to Shengle palace in Yunzhong. What he wanted was to open up farmland and develop farming there. Cities are the product of agricultural civilization. For a nomadic people, the development of agriculture needs great changes in all aspects. With the expansion of the scale of agricultural production, there will be the manufacture of farming tools, the storage and processing of grain, and the cultivation and introduction of skilled craftsmen. All these problems are in front of us. To solve these problems, first of all, we need to build a city. Only in this way can we set up government offices, garrison troops and protect the people, let the people live and develop industry and commerce. Yunzhong Shengle palace is called Yunzhong palace for short. It got its name because it was in hanyunzhong county. "Shuijingzhu" records: "Yunzhong palace is four or ten miles east of Yunzhong ancient city." According to this record, Yunzhong palace is 40 li away from Yunzhong ancient city in the west, less than 40 li away from Shengle in the East, 80 li away from Yinshan in the north, and 100 li away from Junzi Jin of the Yellow River (Lamawan in Qingshuihe County today) in the south. This is the site of daizhouyao ancient city in Helingeer County. This site is located in the central area of chilechuan plain, surrounded by a smooth river, which is the downstream of barren water, Baiqu water and Jinhe River. It is easy to irrigate and the land is fertile.

Emperor Tuobashi Yiqian moved Shengle palace in Yunzhong, the capital of the dynasty, and did not abolish Shengle, the old capital. In the second year of moving capital, he built Shengle city in nanbali of the old city. "Wei Shu · Xu Ji" records: "in the autumn and September of the fourth year, Shengle city was built in the south of the old city In fact, one of the two cities is the eastern capital of the state of Dai, and the other is the western capital of the state of Dai. Later, Yunzhong Shengle palace became the imperial palace of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The Northern Wei Dynasty

In April 386 ad, Tuoba Shiyi, the grandson of Qian and the king of Dai, established the Northern Wei Dynasty and established its capital, Shengle, known as the king of Wei. At that time, the main crops planted in Dai Dynasty were millet. Because millet can be processed fried rice, fried rice is the most convenient food for northerners. Millet straw, commonly known as millet straw, is superior forage. In 367 A.D., the army of the former Yan attacked Chile. After the state of Dai, the army trampled on MI Tian, and Tuoba shiyiqian denounced them, which finally led to the first World War. "Zizhi Tongjian · the second year of gongtaihe in Haixi" records: "at the beginning, Li (Murong Li, xiapi king of the former Yan Dynasty) crossed Daidi and violated his Ji field, and the Daiwang Tuoba Shiyi qiannu. General Wu qianggong of yanpingbei garrisoned Yunzhong with Youzhou soldiers. In August, Tuoba Shiyi attacked the clouds and abandoned the city. General Muyu of Zhenwu congratulated him on his failure to fight. " Tuobashi Yiqian defeated Qianyan's army. After his death, he was named emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In 398 ad, Tuoba Li became emperor, which opened the feudal monarchy and the Northern Wei Dynasty was in the prosperous period. From Tuoba Liwei to Shengle, 15 leaders of Tuoba tribe ascended to the throne. In addition, six of the seven kings of the dynasty took Shengle as their capital. Since the capital of Tuoba was established in Shengle, Tuoba Yilu, Tuoba Yihuai and Tuoba shiyiqian built Shengle new city three times in 313, 337 and 341 respectively. In the autumn of 398 A.D., under the persuasion of the Minister of culture and military in the Manchu Dynasty, the king of Wei, Tuoba Li, ascended to the throne and became emperor, and then set up the banner of the emperor. At this time, Shengle was not only the capital of adults, dadanyu and Daiwang in the west, but also the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Shengle became the real hometown of emperors. The Northern Territory was restored to the area under the command of the western people. To the south of Yinshan, Henan Province was occupied to the south of Hetao and the Yellow River, and the land to the north of Xingling was recovered. Tuoba Lu broke through Kumoxi, jierubu, Gaoche, other Hun tribes, Rouran and other tribes, and gained a large population. In the past, many rebellious tribes came to join us. By 398 ad, the population of the Northern Wei Dynasty had reached 2 million.

site of an ancient city

The site of the ancient city of Shengle is a long pentagon from north to south, about 1550 meters wide from east to west and 2250 meters long from north to south. The maximum length of the wall remains is 5 meters and the minimum is 1.2 meters. The ancient city is divided into North and south areas. The Southern District is 650 meters long from north to south, and a small town is overlapped under the western urban area. It is roughly a square city, 470 meters long from north to south, and the southwest corner is washed by the river. The northern district has a large area, and there is a mound in the center of the city, which is called damishan. The streets in the city are indistinct. The east-west street passes in front of the big coal mountain and connects the East-West gate. The South Street is opposite to the big coal mountain, and the North Street is on the east side of the big coal mountain, directly to the north gate. On the west side of South Street, there is a base, called Xiaomeishan, on which there are traces of architecture. The Southern District is the ancient city of Chengle in Han Dynasty. The ruins of Shengle ancient city in Tuoba Xianbei during the Wei and Jin Dynasties are located in the northern district. There are ancient Dingcheng sites in 12 counties of Dingxiang County. Chengle, Wujin and Wucheng are located in Helingeer County. Dingtao and Dingxiang are located in Saihan District of Hohhot. Tongguo and Luo are in Qingshuihe County. The other five counties are distributed in today's Ulanqab city.

geographical position

Shengle, surrounded by mountains and water, is the gateway to the fortress. It is 200 Li from Dongshan to the Yellow River, and more than 100 li from Nanshan to Yinshan. It is only 80 li away from shenhepi (now Liangcheng County in Inner Mongolia), which is an important and salt producing area. Because salt is an important nutrient for human beings and livestock, it has been operated by the government since ancient times. The book of Wei states that "salt pools are stored in the sky, and people are educated.". Zhongling River (Hun River) flows through the southern mountain area of Shengle and flows into the Yellow River. Huanggan River (Dahei River), Baiqu River (Chafang River) and Jinhe River (Baobao River) all flow into the Yellow River from manggan river. These tributaries make Shengle the most beautiful place for aquatic plants outside the great wall. There are many kinds of plants here, including Manglietia, Achnatherum splendens, Hippophae rhamnoides, Caragana korshinskii and other perennial herbs and shrubs. They are drought resistant, tall and can not be buried in heavy snow. They are livestock's favorite grasses in winter.

Chinese PinYin : Sheng Le