Ming Dynasty Tombs

Ming Tombs, world cultural heritage, national key cultural relics protection units, national key scenic spots, national AAAAA tourist attractions. The Ming Tombs is located at the foot of Tianshou mountain, Changping District, Beijing, with a total area of more than 120 square kilometers, about 50 kilometers away from Tiananmen. The Ming Tombs is located in a small basin surrounded by mountains in the East, West and North, surrounded by mountains, plains in the middle, and a winding river in front of the mausoleum. From May 1409, the seventh year of Yongle, when Changling was built, to Chongzhen, the last emperor of Ming Dynasty, who was buried in Siling, more than 230 years ago, 13 emperor's tombs, seven concubines' tombs and one eunuch's tomb were built. Thirteen emperors, 23 queens, two princes, more than 30 concubines and two eunuchs were buried. As of 2011, the open scenic spots include Changling, Dingling, Zhaoling and shenlu. In October 2015, the National Tourism Administration found that the Ming Tombs scenic area mainly had some problems, such as the serious phenomenon of cheating and killing guests, no clear price; poor sanitation, more waste exposed in the scenic area, untimely cleaning of the ground dirt; insufficient tourist facilities, incomplete function of the tourist center and so on. Serious warning was given to the scenic area, and public notification was given, and six months was given for rectification.

Changling of Ming Dynasty

Located at the south foot of the main peak of Tianshou mountain, Changling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty is the joint Tomb of Emperor Zhu Di (Yongle), the third emperor of Ming Dynasty, and empress Xu. In the Ming Tombs, the scale of the building is the largest, the construction time is the earliest, and the ground buildings are the best preserved. It is the ancestral Mausoleum of the Ming Tombs and one of the most important tourist attractions in the mausoleum area.

The palace of Changling covers an area of 120000 square meters. Its plane layout is in the shape of front and back circle. The square part in front of it is composed of three courtyards connected front and back.

The first entrance to the courtyard is a mausoleum gate. It is a palace gate type building with single eaves on the top of Xieshan mountain. It has five rooms on the surface. Under the eaves, the architraves, the flyers, the eaves rafters and the three stepped single arch are all made of colored glass. There are three Red Gate under it. There is a platform in front of the tomb gate, and a wall type corner gate on the left and right (which has been removed and sealed). In the courtyard, there were five divine Chefs (on the left) and five divine storehouses (on the right) in the Ming Dynasty, and a stele pavilion was built before the divine chefs. Both the God kitchen and the God storehouse were destroyed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, while the stele pavilion has been preserved to this day.

Second into the courtyard, in front of a temple gate, called the gate of Yan en. According to the records of Taichang xukao and other documents, the name of the mausoleum Hall of Tianshou mountain is "yan'en hall", and the name of the hall gate is "yan'en gate", which began in 1538, and is the best name of Emperor Zhu Houfu. Among them, the word "Yi" means "sacrifice and receive blessings", and the word "en" means "Wanji's kindness". Changling's Yi'en gate is a single eaves mountain top shape, with five rooms wide (31.44 meters wide) and two rooms deep (14.37 meters deep). The top of the main ridge is 14.57 meters high from the ground. The bucket arch under the eaves is a single cocked and heavy seven stepped style, and the back end of the flat body kedou arch is inclined rod-shaped, which is different from that of the song and Qing Dynasties. The indoor open room and secondary room are respectively equipped with a board door and a little room is sealed with a wall. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a Chinese band on the top of the board door, and there were three gold characters of "Yan en men". The word "Luo" was written by mistake in the repair of later generations. Under the door is a xumizuo type platform surrounded by dry white jade railings. Its railings are the pillar decorated with dragons and phoenixes, the vase and three cloud like railings. At the four corners of the platform and under the balustrade pillars, there are stone carved dragon heads (TAPs) for drainage. There are three steps in front and back of the platform. Among them, the light relief patterns carved on the stone of the royal road between the steps are very exquisite: below is the sea water, the river, the clouds surging, the mountains standing in the sea, two seahorses leaping out of the water and galloping; above is two vigorous dragons flying up and down in the sea of clouds, chasing the fire beads, presenting a magnificent scene.

There are also ye gates on both sides of the gate, which are made of glazed flowers with walls. The brackets, architraves, tiles and rafters on the top of the gate are made of yellow and green glazed pieces, which are very clear against the red wall. In the courtyard, in the center of the north, there is a tall and towering yan'en hall. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this hall was used to worship the deities (tablets) of the empress and the emperor and to hold sacrificial activities in the upper mausoleum.

Dingling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty

Ming Ding mausoleum is the mausoleum of Zhu Yijun, the 13th emperor of Ming Dynasty. There are also his two queens buried here. The mausoleum is located at the foot of Dayu mountain and in the southwest of Changling. It was built in 1584-1590 (from the 12th year of Wanli to the 18th year of Wanli). The main buildings are yan'en gate, yan'en hall, Baocheng, minglou and underground palace. It covers an area of 182000 square meters. It is the only tomb excavated in the Ming Tombs. Dingling underground palace is available for visitors.

The construction of the Dingling mausoleum began as early as before the birth of Emperor Wanli. It started in the 12th year of Wanli (A.D. 1584) and took six years to complete. It consumed eight million taels of silver. When the mausoleum was built, the emperor was only 28 years old, and it was not officially opened until 1620. Dingling is one of the three largest Mausoleums in the Ming Tombs. It has a total floor area of 180000 square meters, with three broad courtyards in the front and a gaodabaocheng in the back. In front of the main gate of the mausoleum is the white jade stone bridge of Han Dynasty. Over the bridge is a tall Pavilion. Around the pavilion, there are more than 300 buildings, such as ancestral hall, sacrifice Pavilion and Dingling prison. Then there is the outer wall of the cemetery, wailuo city.

The overall layout of the mausoleum is also round in front and back. Its periphery is a "wailuo city" which includes Baocheng and Baocheng front courtyard. The city covers an area of about 180000 square meters. Liang Fen of the Qing Dynasty described the outer city as follows: "all the stones on the ground and wall base are aragonite, smooth as new, and the dust can't be stained. The left and right placanticlines are carved with mountains and waters, flowers, dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, seahorses, turtles and snakes. It's a wonderful work It is also said that "the walls are covered with yellow tiles, the bricks are carved into brackets, the eaves are exquisitely inlaid, and the light is as bright as jade. The change of Jiashen will destroy every inch of it, but not all of it. " There is only one palace gate in the front of wailuo City, which is the first gate of the mausoleum. Its system is composed of three parts: yellow tile, Zhuye and shuquanmen.

In wailuo City, the rear part is Baocheng. Before Baocheng, there were three square courtyards in wailuo.

In front of the first entrance to the courtyard, there is a hilltop type mausoleum gate with single eaves, which is made like wailuo gate. It is the second mausoleum gate and weighing gate. There is a wall type door on the left and right. There are no building facilities in the courtyard. In front of the courtyard (in wailuo city), there are three divine kitchens on the left and three divine storehouses on the right.

The second entrance is to the courtyard, with a gate between the front walls. Its surface is five rooms wide (26.47 meters wide) and two rooms deep (11.46 meters deep). It is supported by a xumizuo platform. On the base of the platform, the stone railings with dragon and Phoenix pillar heads and the heads of big and small cranes are all set up. There are also three stamping steps at the front and back.

In the third courtyard, between the front walls is the main hall of the mausoleum, the kuan'en hall. Its shape is a double eaves top, with a width of seven rooms (50.6 meters wide) and a depth of five rooms (28.1 meters deep). It is supported by a xumizuo platform, and the fence is carved with the same decoration as the gate of yan'en. There is a platform in front of the platform. There are three stepping steps in front of the platform, one on the left and one on the right. There is a back door in the hall, so the back of the pedestal is also equipped with a step. Among them, the rear one and the front one are equipped with stone carvings. Engraved dragon and Phoenix playing Pearl (left rising dragon, right descending Phoenix) and sea water river tooth pattern. There is a wall type Yemen on the left and right sides of Kuan en hall. Along the central axis of the courtyard, there is a two column archway gate (Lingxing gate) and a set of shijiyan. The two pillars of the archway door are head shaped, carved with white stone, with a square cross section, a dragon on the top, and a drum on the front and back sides. Shijiyan is composed of stone offering table and stone offering utensil. The stone offering case is of xumizuo type. The stone offering device is composed of censer (one), Candlestick (two) and vase (two). Its shape is like Changling and Yongling.

Because the tunnel gate of Baocheng is located in the right front of Baocheng city wall, the coffin of Empress Dowager must pass through the tunnel gate of wailuo city to enter the burial palace after the "tranquilizing ceremony" in the hall of enjoyment (Kuan en Hall). Considering the symmetry of architectural design, there is a wall type Ye gate on the left and right walls of the third entrance courtyard.

In addition, before the Luocheng outside the Dingling mausoleum, on the left side, there were the Zaixing Pavilion and the ancestral hall, and on the right side, there were the shengongjian, shenmachang and other ancillary buildings. Dinglingwei's barracks were built in Changping city. Among them, the architectural layout of Dingling memorial hall is: the middle is the public seat (the main office), the back is the official house, and the front is the door. There are more than 300 rooms in the palace.

Ming Zhaoling

Located at the eastern foot of Dayu, the Ming Zhaoling Mausoleum is the joint burial Mausoleum of Zhu Zaiyang, the 12th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and his three queens. Zhaoling Mausoleum is the first large-scale restoration mausoleum in the Ming Tombs, and it is also one of the officially open tourist attractions in the mausoleum area.

Zhaoling Mausoleum has a building area of 35000 square meters. There are complete Juen gate, Juen hall, East and west side halls, Fangcheng, minglou, Baoding, etc. Zhu Zaiyang, the 12th emperor of Ming Dynasty, and his three queens are buried here.

After the fall of Ming Dynasty, Zhaoling was destroyed twice. In 1644, the Ming tower was burned in the war; on March 5, the 34th year of Kangxi (1695) of the Qing Dynasty, there was heavy rain and thunder and lightning, and the ling'en hall and the two side halls were struck by lightning and caught fire again. The soldiers of the mausoleum tried their best to put out the fire, only the two side halls were saved, and the ling'en hall was completely burned. With the passage of time, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the two side halls and the lingenmen were damaged one after another. In 1785-1787, the Qing government rebuilt the Ming Tombs to ease ethnic conflicts. Zhaoling is also under repair. From the site analysis,

Chinese PinYin : Ming Shi San Ling