Fuling of Qing Dynasty

Fuling of Qing Dynasty

Fuling of the Qing Dynasty, also known as Shenyang Dongling, is located in the Dongling Park in the eastern suburb of Shenyang. It is the mausoleum of Nurhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Because it is located in the eastern suburb of Shenyang, it is also known as Dongling, one of the three Mausoleums in Shengjing. In 1629, Tiancong chose to build a mausoleum in the Northeast suburb of Shengjing, with a total area of 194800 square meters.

When Fuling was first built, it was only called "Xianhan mausoleum" or "Taizu mausoleum", and other Empresses of Nurhachi, such as yehenara and wulanara, were buried here. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), Huang Taiji's mother, ye henala, was moved from yamayamayama, Tokyo, to Fuling.

The first year of Chongde (1636) was named "Fuling". The mausoleum was basically completed in 1651, and then continued to be built in 1662-1722 and 1736-1795.

In the Qing Dynasty, Fuling was shaped as the outer city and the inner city, which was composed of the front courtyard, Fangcheng and Baocheng, and gradually increased from the south to the north. This is not only different from the mausoleum of Ming Dynasty, but also different from the mausoleum built after the Qing Dynasty entered the pass. Fuling has been designated as a park by Liaoning provincial government since 1929. It is named "Dongling" because it is located in the east of the city. Except Fangcheng minglou, which was destroyed by thunder fire and restored, the rest are well preserved.

In 1988, Qing Fuling was announced by the State Council of the people's Republic of China as one of the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

In 2004, Shengjing three mausoleums, including Qing Fu Mausoleum, were included in the world cultural heritage as the expansion project of Ming and Qing Royal mausoleums.

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Historical evolution

The tomb was built in 1629, and was completed in 1651. The earliest record of Taizu mausoleum comes from the record of emperor taizongwen of Qing Dynasty in February of 1629. It records that Nuerhachi "Zi Gong", who moved to the northwest corner of Shenyang City, and xiaocigao Queen "Zi Gong", who lived in Dongjing Mausoleum of Liaoyang City.

Before the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), there was no "sleeping hall" in Fuling. Five years after Fengan, Taizu Baogong intended to expand Fuling: "in October of the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), the Ministry of rites and shuobel sahalian told the Ministry of work that the sleeping hall should be built, pine trees should be planted, stone lions, stone elephants, stone tigers, stone horses and stone camels should be erected, and ancient systems should be put into practice."

Longen hall was built between the third year of Tiancong (1629) and the fourth year of Chongde (1639). Fangcheng and longen gate were built at the latest in the fourth year of Chongde (1639).

In the first year of Chongde (1636), Huang Taiji was called emperor, and the mausoleum was named "Fuling".

In April 1650, the Qing government established Shi Xiangsheng, Wang Zhu and Optimus Prime

. By the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), the expansion of Fuling hall was completed. In June of the same year, the Ministry of rites asked that the ancestral mausoleum should be renovated according to the emperor's mausoleum.

It was not until February 1659 that the new construction of Jiaolou, Yamen and Yemen on both sides of zhenghongmen was completed. The stone elephant was replaced, xumizuo was born, and Fangcheng was repaired

The construction of Shunzhi Dynasty was completed. Judging from the stone of the East and West Red gates, the East and West Red gates should be built in the Shunzhi Dynasty.

In 1634, Tiancong proposed to build the "bedroom hall", which started construction in 1663. The following year, the posthumous monument was established,

Jianming building.

In February of the 27th year of Emperor Kangxi, the monument of Gong jianfuling was completed.

In 1929, Liaoning provincial government opened up Fuling as a park, which was named because it was located in the east of the city.

Since the reform and opening up, Shenyang has taken various measures for protection and management, and at the same time, it has made use of the geographical conditions and natural environment around Fuling to develop tourism resources and build many scenic spots and scenic spots near Fuling.

Architectural features

Fuling of the Qing Dynasty is located on Tianzhu Mountain, 20 miles away from the eastern suburb of Shenyang, covering an area of 194800 square meters.

The whole mausoleum is backed by Tianzhu Mountain, facing Hun River in front, and gradually rising from south to north.

Three people were buried in the Mausoleum: Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty; yehenala mengguzhe, Empress of xiaocigao; ulanara Abahai, Empress of xiaoliewu.

The architectural pattern of Fuling in the Qing Dynasty was low before and high after the formation of the mountain. From south to north, it can be divided into three parts: zhenghongmenwai District, Shinto District, Fangcheng district and Baocheng district.

The mausoleum complex consists of Xiama stele, stone archway, Zhenghong gate, Shinto, shixiangsheng, 108 steps, Shengong Shengde stele tower, pottery room, fruit room, tea room, court room, longen gate, longen hall, Dongpei hall, Xipei hall, silk burning stove, two pillar gate, shiwugong, Daming tower, Baocheng, etc.

Main buildings

Memorial Gateway

The archway is a four column three room three floor type, 9.13 meters long and 2.65 meters wide. The column is square, and the stone under the column is exposed clearly. There are drum stones in front of and behind the bar stone. There is a round lotus seat on the top of the column, with two layers of lotus on the top and two layers on the bottom. The Ming Dynasty is slightly higher than that of the second period, with large and small fangs, carved with Erlong Xizhu, haishui Jiangya, shepherd, yamen, Xianshu, etc. The Dougong sits on the flat square, and three pearls of flame are carved on the base plate of the Dougong. The two-story rafters undertake the suspended Hill roof.

 

ornamental column

The square waist seat is divided into seven layers with special proportion. The bottom layer of Guijiao is carved with cloud pattern, rope pattern and pearl. Its upper column body is octagonal, and the upper end is horizontally inserted with a cloud plate, respectively carved with the words "sun" and "Moon". The top of the column bears a double-layer inverted lotus seat, on which sits a lion with a ribbon in its mouth.

 

Magic Road

There are four pairs of stone beasts on both sides of shenlu, such as sitting lion, horse, lying camel and sitting tiger. At the end is a 108 level brick terrace built on the mountain to symbolize 36 Tiangang and 72 Disha.

Red Gate

The facade is 12 meters wide and 5.89 meters deep. It is made of brick and stone, with a single eaves on the top of the hill and covered with yellow glazed tiles. The base of the platform is surrounded by plain blue and white stone carving xumizuo without Guijiao layer. In front and back, there are three blue and white stone vertical belts, four steps, like eye brick, facing three equal width semicircle door openings. The middle gate is the gate of offering sacrifices, which is called the gate of God; the East second gate is the left gate, which is used for the emperor and empress to visit the mausoleum, which is called the gate of kings; the west second gate is the right gate, which is used for the courtiers to visit, which is called the gate of ministers. There is no doornail on the front of the real couch door.

 

There are corner stones on both sides of the door opening and four corners of the wall, with one stone on the upper waist line, one Carving Dragon and one brick wall between the stones. The corner pillars and waistline stones of the North facade are plain. The yellow and green colored glass decorated with curling grass and dragon pattern is hung on the top of the wall, and its forehead Fang, flat Fang, Dougong, purlin and rafter are also made of colored glass. The four corners of the wall have one lotus column and the four sides have two lotus columns. The stigma family of Dougong has the same shape as the flat body family. Face to face three flat body branch each three save. In the design of Baozhu auspicious grass in the Ming Dynasty, three peony leaves and half lotus rolled grass on both sides of the lotus column are carved.

 

There are three groups of patterns of two dragons playing with pearls in the flat Fang carving. The green dragon in the Ming Dynasty and the black dragon in the second. The frame is made of a slope with two folds, the inner arc and the outer arc. It is connected by the animal face peony and auspicious grass. Animal face, sheep horn, ox ear, eyes open round, mouth Title peony auspicious grass, and vertical lotus column is opposite. Each of the three flat bodies on the side and facade has a collection. Each of the three peonies on the forehead has one leaf. Flat Fangming decorated with pearl auspicious grass, next decorated with ribbon Ganoderma lucidum, frame with a slope of two fold, outside pick arc square heart, by animal face peony auspicious grass decoration sample connected. The purlin head of overhanging eaves is yellow, green and blue, which likes to rotate. The eaves rafters and flying rafters are square.

 

108 pedals

The main building of Fuling in the Qing Dynasty is on the top of Tianzhu Mountain, while zhenghongmen and shixiangsheng are built on the flat ground in front of them. There is a 30 ° slope between them. 108 Deng was built on the slope. It is about 40 meters long and 7 meters wide. The ground was originally built with green bricks, and then with stone strips. On both sides of the building, the handrail wall was built with bricks, 1 meter high, and the top of the wall was covered with yellow glazed tiles.

 

There is a one hole brick bridge on both sides of 108 Deng. In order to protect the mausoleum from rain erosion, there are some artificial or natural drainage ditches in the mausoleum. Shenqiao is a drainage bridge and culvert on the Shinto road.

 

Stele Pavilion

The stele tower is located in the middle of the stone bridge. It is of Xieshan style with double eaves and four sides of gate. Under it is a xumizuo style platform. Inside it is a "tablet of Great Qing Fuling's divine power and virtue" written by Emperor Kangxi in Han and Manchu characters. It records the achievements of Nurhachi.

 

Longmen

Longen gate is located in the South Center of Fangcheng. It is a triple eaves attic with a width of 12.84 meters and a depth of 9.33 meters. It is surrounded by corridors with seven purlins. Three layers of gold pillars are vertically aligned, and the eaves and columns are folded layer by layer to form an external outline. The number of doors and windows increases from bottom to top, forming a visual effect of wide at the bottom and narrow at the top, solid at the bottom and virtual at the top.

A double eaves, eaves column for column, plain surface column base, gold column by brick

Chinese PinYin : Qing Fu Ling