Kong Lin

There is a stone archway outside the north gate of the inner city of Qufu, which reads "eternal Changchun". Along the road under the archway to the north, the trees on both sides gradually grew dense, and the surrounding environment became more and more quiet and solemn. It turned out that unconsciously, he stepped on the Konglin Shinto. Through the most holy forest gate and Zhushui bridge, there is a corridor leading to Confucius' tomb.

In the Confucius forest, there are the descendants of the Confucius family from Confucius to the 76th generation of Yan Sheng Gong Kong Lingyi who died in 1919. It is the largest, longest lasting and most complete clan tomb group and artificial garden in China.. There are also some celebrities like Kong Shangren. Such a large family tomb is still well preserved, which is unique in the world.

In the forest of Confucius covered by thousands of trees, there are a forest of Steles and stone instruments. Among them are the steles written by Li Dongyang, Yan Song, Weng Fanggang, he Shaoji, Kang Youwei and other great calligraphers of the past dynasties. It is absolutely worthy of the name. It was listed in the world heritage list in December 1994.

Kong Lin

Konglin, also known as zhishenglin, is located 1.5km to the north of Qufu City, Shandong Province. It is the family cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. Together with Confucius' mansion and temple, it is called "three Confucius"

.

Kong Lin covers an area of nearly 2 million square meters, with more than 100000 tombs and Shinto connected with the city gate. Confucius' tomb is located in the middle of Konglin. The earth is sealed in the shape of an axe. In the Han Dynasty, there were altars and gates for gods. In the Song Dynasty, stone instruments were carved. In the Yuan Dynasty, steles were erected, Zhouyuan was built and chongmen was built. In the Ming Dynasty, the tomb gate of Xiangdian hall was rebuilt, Zhushui Bridge Square and Changchun square were added

. Kong Lin's rich cultural relics on the ground are of great value to the study of the evolution of Chinese burial system and ancient politics, economy, culture, customs, calligraphy and art

.

On March 4, 1961, Kong Lin was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units

. In December 1994, Kong Lin was listed on the world heritage list by UNESCO

.

Historical evolution

In the 16th year of Duke AI of Lu (479 BC), after Confucius died, his disciples buried him in the northern Surabaya of Qufu

.

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, although the tombs were built high, there were only a few cemeteries and a few forest keepers. Later, with the increasing status of Confucius, the scale of Confucius' Forest became larger and larger

.

In the third year of Yongshou (157) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Han Zhe, the Prime Minister of Lu Dynasty, built a temple in front of the tomb of Confucius, and another studio in the southeast. He used several households such as the early Wu Dynasty to sweep the tomb of Confucius. At that time, the land of Confucius was only one hectare.

During the Gaoqi period of the northern and Southern Dynasties, 600 trees were planted in Konglin.

In Xuanhe period of Song Dynasty, stone instruments were built in front of Confucius' tomb.

In the second year of yuanzhishun (1331), the wall and gate of Konglin were built.

In 1377, Konglin was expanded to 3000 mu.

In 1523, Chen Fengwu, governor of Shandong Province, established zhushuiqiaofang

.

In the 22nd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1594), Zhang Lianbiao and Zheng Rubi, the governor, built the eternal Changchun square in Konglin.

In 1684, Konglin expanded to 2 million square meters and built 8 kilometers of walls

.

In 1729, the original xuanshenglin memorial archway was changed to zhishenglin memorial archway

.

In the eighth year of Yongzheng reign (1730) of the Qing Dynasty, Kong Lin was overhauled. He spent 25300 liang of money and silver to rebuild all kinds of gates, and sent special officials to guard them.

On March 20, 1950, the Party committee of central and southern Shandong decided to open Konglin to the public

.

On December 23, 1977, Shandong Provincial Revolutionary Committee ordered Qufu County Revolutionary Committee to set up a memorial to "the site of commander-in-chief Zhu's military conference" in the hall of Konglin

.

Architectural features

Kong Lin covers an area of nearly 2 million square meters, with more than 100000 tombs in the forest

There is a Shinto connected to the gate. Confucius' tomb is located in the middle of Konglin. The earth is sealed in the shape of an axe. In the Han Dynasty, there were altars and gates for gods. In the Song Dynasty, stone instruments were carved. In the Yuan Dynasty, steles were erected, Zhouyuan was built and chongmen was built. In the Ming Dynasty, the tomb gate of Xiangdian hall was rebuilt, Zhushui Bridge Square and Changchun square were added

.

Main buildings

Changchun square

Changchun square is a stone structure with a length of 22.71 meters and a width of 7.96 meters. It was rebuilt and reinforced in the Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty. This square has six pillars, five rooms, five floors and a veranda. The top of the square is carved with tile ridges and ridge beasts, and the eaves are carved with Dou Gong. There are exquisite carvings all over the square, column and flower board, deep relief of column and square and light relief of flower board. The square forehead is engraved on the flower board of the Ming Dynasty, and the four big characters of "eternal Changchun" are written in the original script, with heavy strokes and dignified font. Before and after the stone column, the drum is held with stone, and the stone lion is embossed on the drum, and the dragon, deer, peony and other patterns are embossed on both sides

.

Zhishenglinfang

Zhishenglinfang, formerly known as xuanshenglinfang, was built in 1424, the 22nd year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty. After many renovations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has always maintained the architectural characteristics of the early Ming Dynasty. It has four pillars, three rooms and three floors. The roof of the hall is covered with green glazed tiles. The front and back eaves are carved with delicate brackets. The color paintings are exquisite. In front of the square is a pair of stone lions carved in 1634

.

Erlinmen

Located in the north of Shenglin gate, the second forest gate of Konglin is a castle like building, also known as "guanlou". The walls are built around, with a height of 4 meters and a circumference of more than 7000 meters

. In front of Erlin gate, the corridor connects with the gate. This gate is the northern gate (Longmen) site of the ancient city of Lu state. It was built in 1331, the second year of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1494, Kong Hongtai, the grandson of the sixty first generation, added a gate tower to the gate, which is called "the gate of God is narrow and crude, and it is built with a view of buildings". There are five existing observation buildings with double eaves and green tiles on the top of the mountain. There is no dou Gong. There are cloisters around the lower eaves, and there are drum piers and column foundations under the gallery columns. It was rebuilt in 1732 and 1964. There is a pair of stone lions in the stone fence in front of the gate, which were carved in 1634

.

Zhushui Bridge

Zhushui bridge is located at the south end of the axis of Confucius' tomb. The bridge is 6.6 meters wide and 25.24 meters long. Its surface is arched, covering the view from the north to show that Confucius' tomb is hidden inside. Zhushui bridge was built before Jin Dynasty or Jin Dynasty. In the seventh year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1494), Kong Hongtai, the sixty first generation of Confucius, added stone railings to the bridge and built two small bridges on the left and right sides with stone railings. Because the bridge is flat, it is used to be called "Dongping Bridge" and "Xiping bridge"

.

Confucius tomb

Confucius tomb is located in the south part of Konglin, 30 meters from east to west, 28 meters from north to south, and 5 meters high. There are two stone tablets in front of the tomb. In front of the stele, there are three characters: "Tomb of King Xuanxuan of Dacheng Zhisheng" and "Tomb of Xuansheng". In front of the stele, there are stone confession, wine pool, stone worship platform and brick lattice wall. There are two stone tablets in front of the tomb, which were erected in 1443, the eighth year of Zhengtong in Ming Dynasty, and Huang YangZheng's calligraphy. Later, they were erected by Kong yuancuo, the sage of Confucius' fifty-one generation, in 1244, the third year of Mazhen in Yuan Dynasty. In the East is the tomb of Kong Li, his son "the Marquis of swimming"; in the front is the tomb of Kong Ji (Zisi), his grandson "the sage of Yi state". This special tomb layout is called "carrying children and holding grandchildren"

.

Tomb of Kong Lingyi

Konglingyi tomb is located in the northeast corner of Konglin, close to the forest wall. The seal script on the stone tablet in front of the tomb is "the tomb of Mr. Yanting, the sage of Yan, was sealed by the seventy-six generations of Confucius.". The inscription was written by sun Baoqi, a former prime minister, foreign minister, tax inspector and in law brother. In January of the 10th year of the Republic of China, Xifeng Yansheng Gongde was founded. Sun Baoqi is the younger brother of Kong Lingyi's wife

.

Tomb of Kong Shangren

Along the eastbound huanlin Road, in the northeast of Konglin, after passing a stone square, there is a huge stone tablet on the roadside, which reads "the tomb of Mr. wailang Dongtang, a member of the Guangdong Qing official Department of Fengzhi government". This is the tombstone of Kong Shangren, a Maoming playwright and author of Peach Blossom Fan in the early Qing Dynasty.

Kong Shangren's tomb is about 150 meters from the north wall of the forest, 8.43 meters from east to west, 7.70 meters from north to south, and 3.13 meters high. The stone tablet in front of the tomb has a round head and is carved with two dragons playing with pearls. The inscription is "the tomb of Mr. wailang Dongtang, a member of the Qing Dynasty official Department of Fengfu family". In 1735, the stone was erected in April. There is a stone confession in front of the tomb

.

Yu's Square

In front of Yu's tomb, a large wooden archway was inscribed with "Rong Yin Bao de". Yu's wife used to be the daughter of Emperor Qianlong. Because there was no marriage between man and Han at that time, the emperor adopted her to Yu Minzhong, Minister of Yipin, and married Yan Shenggong in the name of Yu's daughter, so she was called Yu's Square

.

History and culture

historical figure

Confucius (September 28, 551 BC)? -On April 11, 479 B.C., he was born in zouyi (today's Qufu, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu in the late spring and Autumn period. His ancestral home was Liyi (today's Xiayi, Henan Province). He was an ancient Chinese thinker, educator and founder of the Confucian school. < I (refer to entry: Confucius for details) < / I

protective measures

On March 4, 1961, Kong Lin was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units

.

In December 1994, Kong Lin was listed on the world heritage list by UNESCO

.

Cultural relic value

Confucius' eldest grandson has been buried in the 76th generation, and his collateral descendants have been buried in the 78th generation. Continuance

Chinese PinYin : Kong Lin