Lu City

Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state

synonym

The old city of the state of Lu generally refers to the old city of the state of Lu in Qufu

Qufu, the ancient city of the state of Lu, is the site of the capital of the state of Lu in the Zhou Dynasty of China. It is located in the urban area, East and north of Qufu, Shandong Province. King Cheng of Zhou granted Boqin, the eldest son of Duke Dan of Zhou, the capital of Lu

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Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state, is a little flat square, covering an area of about 10.45 square kilometers

The perimeter of the city wall is about 11.9 kilometers, the East-West length of the city wall is 3.7 kilometers, the North-South width is 2.7 kilometers, and there are three gates in the East, West and North

. Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state, is divided into two parts: the outer city and the inner city. The outer city is an irregular rectangle with rounded corners, the longest from east to west is 3.7 kilometers, the widest from north to south is 2.7 kilometers, and the perimeter is 11.5 kilometers. The inner city is nearly square, about 550 meters wide from east to west, and about 500 meters long from north to south. More than 200 tombs have been excavated in the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu. The unearthed relics are mainly pottery, mainly including bamboo, steamer, basin and so on

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On March 4, 1961, Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state, was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the people's Republic of China

. In December 2013, Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state, was announced as the second batch of national archaeological sites park by the State Administration of cultural relics

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Historical evolution

In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou granted Boqin, the eldest son of Duke Dan of Zhou, the capital of Lu state in Qufu. In the 24th year of Lu Qinggong (249 BC), Lu died in Chu, which lasted for more than 900 years. The old city of Lu state in Qufu was one of the longest used capitals in the Zhou Dynasty

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During the Anti Japanese War (1940), the Japanese once investigated and excavated the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu

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After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the cultural relics administration office of Shandong Province has carried out many investigations on the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu

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In 1958, the training class for cultural relics cadres of Shandong province carried out drilling and trial excavation for the old city of Lu state in Qufu

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From 1977 to 1978, Shandong Provincial Museum made a detailed survey and excavation of the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu

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From 2012 to 2015, Shandong Provincial Museum explored the city wall of Guocheng outside the ancient city of Qufu and redefined the scope of the city wall and moat. The moat can be divided into at least three phases, and the inner moat was newly discovered

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Site features

Scale layout

Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state, is a little flat square, covering an area of about 10.45 square kilometers

It is 11.9 km in circumference, 3.7 km in east-west length, 2.7 km in South-North width, and 3 gates in East, West and north respectively. The construction of the old city of Lu state in Qufu is centered on the palace area of Zhougong temple. The ruins of copper smelting, iron smelting, pottery and other handicraft workshops in the north and west of the old city are extended. The city wall is 6 kilometers long, ranging in height from 2 meters to 10 meters, scattered intermittently in the northeast of the original city

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Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state, is divided into two parts: outer city and inner city. The plan of the outer city is an irregular rectangle with rounded corners. The longest part is 3.7 km from east to west, the widest part is 2.7 km from north to south, and the perimeter is 11.5 km. There are about 30 meters wide moats around. The wall of the preserved city extends from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty. After many times of construction and repair, the highest part is about 10 meters. There are 11 gates, three in the East, West and North, two in the south, seven meters to 15 meters wide, and two in the south The inner city is located in the north of the central part of the city, nearly square in plane, 550 meters wide from east to west, 500 meters long from north to south, and about 10 meters wide from East, West and North. There are dense large-scale building sites in the city, which are the Royal Palace of Lu from the spring and Autumn period to the Western Han Dynasty In the south, there is a road about 15 meters wide leading to the east gate of the south wall, which directly points to the rammed foundation of more than 1.5 kilometers in the south of the city. The palace city, the South East Gate and the Wuyun terrace are arranged in a straight line. On both sides of the north section of the road, there are three roughly symmetrical building sites, forming a central axis composed of the most important buildings in the city

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City wall gate

The north wall of the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu is about 3-4 meters high and 27-33 meters wide; the southeast corner wall is about 7 meters high and 45-60 meters wide; the ground in the middle of the east wall is completely destroyed; the northwest corner wall is above the south wall of Konglin. The actual width of the city wall is about 25m-50m, and there is no obvious foundation trench. The width of the outer moat is 40-60 meters, the opening is 1.0-2.1 meters from the ground surface, and 3-5 meters from the city wall. Part of the late wall overlapped the early moat. The moats can be roughly divided into three periods: the spring and Autumn period, the Warring States period and the Han Dynasty. The inner moat is 1.5-3.5 meters deep, 11-25 meters wide and about 5 meters away from the city wall. It is speculated that it was caused by the construction of the city wall in the Han Dynasty, which was connected with the water system in the city. The sites of nandongmen and beidongmen are well preserved. The soil of the road of the North Dongmen is divided into four periods, with a depth of 0.4m-2.4m. The early Lu TU was supposed to be Zhou Dynasty and lasted to Ming and Qing Dynasties. Other doors are occupied or damaged

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Site distribution

Most of the sites in the early Western Zhou Dynasty were located in the northwest of the old city of Lu state in Qufu, and extended to the northeast of the old city of Lu state in Qufu in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The remains of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are all over the old city of Lu state in Qufu. Among them, there are pottery making and copper smelting sites of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the West and north of the old city of Lu state in Qufu, Pottery Workshop sites of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the west, iron making sites of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the north and east of the west, and bone making sites of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the northwest

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Cultural relics

There are six cemeteries of Western and Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the western part of the old city of Lu state in Qufu. More than 200 tombs have been excavated, which can be divided into group A and group B. The group a tombs are almost all small pottery tombs, while the group B tombs have small pottery tombs and large and medium-sized bronze tombs. The large-scale tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty cover an area of 100-200 square meters. The relics unearthed in the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu are mainly pottery, which are mainly shaped like a jar, a steamer, a basin, a bean, a pot, a urn, a bowl, a bowl, a plate, a tripod, a cauldron, a washing plate, a folding plate, etc. In the spring and Autumn period, pan, gaidou, Ding and cauldron appeared; in the Warring States period, washing and folding abdominal plates appeared. In the Western Zhou Dynasty and spring and Autumn period, the pottery was generally decorated with rope patterns, and concave string patterns were popular. During the Warring States period, rope pattern declined gradually, while dark pattern and tile pattern became popular. In addition, there are a small number of tiles in the Western Zhou Dynasty and a large number of tiles in the Eastern Zhou and Han Dynasties. Most of the tiles in Han Dynasty were of cirrus pattern

. Unearthed in the ancient city of the state of Lu in Qufu, it is a ceremonial jade used for burial in the Warring States period, with a circumference of 32 cm and a diameter of 11.6 cm. It is one of the larger ones found in the Warring States period in China There are three layers inside, middle and outside, two layers inside and outside are decorated with double tail dragon pattern, and the middle area is decorated with Valley pattern. The shape of the jade is regular, and the jade is lustrous and turquoise. The decorative pattern is compact and symmetrical, and the lines are smooth

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Research value

The layout of the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu was built in strict accordance with the regulations on the city form in KAOGONGJI of Zhouli, "fangjiuli, biansanmen, ZHONGJIU jingjiuwei, Jingtu Jiugui, zuozu YouSHE, Qianchao Houshi, Shichao Yifu". This kind of planning structure reflects its ritual order and is a typical example of urban planning and construction in ancient China

. The jade Bi unearthed from the ancient city of the state of Lu in Qufu provides a very typical material material for the study of jade carving techniques in the Warring States period

. The ancient city of Lu state in Qufu is one of the important capital sites of Zhou Dynasty, and it is also a national capital throughout the two Zhou Dynasty in China. Archaeologists found that two different types of tombs (the tombs of indigenous people and the tombs of Zhou immigrants) coexisted in the same capital for a long time. The ancient city of Lu state in Qufu has a long history and rich historical remains, which is particularly prominent in the similar capital sites of Zhou Dynasty. It is of great significance to study the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu The history of Zhou Dynasty, social customs, ethnic groups, economic development and urban layout of Lu state are of great archaeological value

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protective measures

On March 4, 1961, Qufu, the ancient city of Lu state, was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the people's Republic of China

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In March 2012, Shandong Provincial Department of culture and tourism, based on the overall plan for the protection of the ancient city of Lu, compiled the plan for the archaeological site park of the ancient city of Lu, which was approved by the expert committee of the State Administration of cultural relics

. According to the "overall protection plan of the old city of Lu" and "planning of the National Archaeological Site Park of the old city of Lu", the construction planning period of the National Archaeological Site Park of the old city of Lu is 20 years (2011-2030). The National Archaeological Site Park project of the ancient city of Shandong Province connects the scattered cultural sites organically, expands the urban public cultural space, forms a cultural place integrating education, scientific research, sightseeing and leisure, and improves the ecological environment and development environment in the site protection area

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In May 2012, the construction of Qufu city wall and Palace site protection exhibition project in the northeast corner of the old city of Lu state was started

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In December 2014, the protection and exhibition project of the northeast corner of the ancient city of Lu in Qufu was completed

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In December 2016, Gongcheng District of Qufu Lu National Heritage Park passed the acceptance of Shandong Provincial Bureau of cultural relics

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History and culture

Tickle

"Itching" is also called "don't ask for help" and "old man's happiness". Use a piece of bamboo to cut the front end into teeth. In 1977, archaeologists in Shandong Province drilled and excavated the ancient city of Lu state in Qufu, and found one "tickle" in each of the two large tombs of the Warring States period. The two pieces are carved from ivory, about 40 cm long, and the front part is carved into a hand shape

Chinese PinYin : Lu Guo Gu Cheng