Fujia site in Dongying

Fujia site in Dongying

The Fujia site is a cultural site in the middle and late Neolithic period. Its cultural features are obviously different from Dawenkou Culture in southern Shandong. Therefore, the remains of Fujia Dawenkou Culture represent a new type of culture in northern Shandong. Its discovery and excavation provide important material materials for the study of local types and cultural stages of Dawenkou Culture in this area, and also provide valuable information for the in-depth study of ancient civilization in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Information on the project. In 1992, the site was announced as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit in Shandong Province.

Brief introduction of the site

The Fujia site is located 1.5km south of Guangrao County, Shandong Province, and the Fujia village is located in the middle of the site. The site is about 4 km away from Zihe River in the East and 15 km away from Xiaoqing River in the north. About 200 meters east of the site is Dongxin highway, and Weigao highway passes through the middle of the site from east to west. The site is high in the middle and low around, commonly known as "Fu Jia Ding Gai" or "Motianling". It is the most representative Dawenkou cultural site found in northern Shandong. The plan of the site is oval, 750 meters long from east to west and 500 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of 370000 square meters and a central part of 180000 square meters. The cultural accumulation layer of the site is about 1-3 meters thick and rich in connotation. From 1985 to 1996, with the cooperation of Guangrao County Museum, the Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology of Shandong province carried out rescue excavation and cleaning of the site twice, covering a total area of 707 square meters. 508 tombs, 214 ash pits, 4 wells, and more than 400 pieces of various cultural relics, such as earthenware, bone, horn, pottery and jade, were found in Dawenkou Culture period.

Four wells of Dawenkou Culture period were found in the site. At the bottom of the well were red pottery pots and some stone and bone vessels. Well is a great invention of the ancestors in Dawenkou Culture period, and an important symbol of the development of social productive forces.

The distribution of tombs is concentrated, and the overlapping relationship is complex. The tombs are all rectangular vertical holes in the earth pit. The burial style is usually single burial with straight limbs, and the second burial and relocation are more common. The double burial is only seen in the sites of the same culture. Most of the tombs have no burial utensils, and a few have coffins. Most of the human bones tend to the northeast and a few to the southwest.

Most of the tombs have no burial objects. Even if there are burial objects, the number is not much. One or two of them are few, generally no more than four, the most are eight, and some have only one arrow. Most of the funerary objects are pottery. The main types of funerary objects are pot shaped tripod, pot shaped bean, pot, pot, bowl, single handle pot, etc. The production is relatively rough, mostly hand-made, due to the high firing temperature, the texture is also very hard. The combination of utensils is mainly composed of Ding, Dou, can or Ding, Dou, can and cup. The display position is generally on the left and right sides of the head or at the foot. Most of the pottery beans are buckled on the pottery Ding.

In tomb 392, a nearly circular skull defect with a diameter of 31 × 25 mm was found at the back of the parietal bone on the right side of the tomb owner's skull. It is speculated that the tomb owner had undergone craniotomy and survived for a long time. Shandong Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology first invited Mr. Han Kangxin, researcher of Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Mr. Bao Xiufeng, Professor of neurosurgery and doctoral supervisor of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. On the basis of sorting out and preliminary certification, it also invited famous experts of archaeology, anthropology and medicine in China to form an appraisal committee, which fully demonstrated that 392 The near circular defect of the skull of the owner of tomb No.1 was caused by artificial craniotomy. The section of the defect edge is smooth and uniform arc shape, which should be the result of long-term survival and bone tissue repair. This is the earliest successful case of craniotomy in China, 5000 years ago, more than 1000 years ahead of the previous cases in China.

Major cultural relics

According to the relics unearthed from the site, the utensils are single and full of local characteristics. The pottery is mainly clay and red pottery with sand, and a small amount of grey pottery and black pottery. The clay pottery is mixed with coarse sand grains, some contain clam shells, and the clay pottery is fine, some may be washed. The main types of utensils are ding, Dou, can, bowl, bowl, pot, cup, bowl, pan, etc., which are made by hand. The surface decoration is mainly plain surface, some are polished and hung with red pottery clothes, some are painted with red, yellow, ochre, white and other colors, and the patterns of painted pottery are vortex pattern, triangle pattern, net pattern, straight line pattern and broken line pattern composed of ochre color and white color. More ochre color was applied to the mouth and feet, and more red color was applied to the shoulders and abdomen. Multicolored patterns are common on Ding, cup, pot, bowl and other utensils. Most of them are red color, ochre color and red and white color. The most popular patterns are black color on the edge of Ding and Dou or near the bottom of the ring foot. Most of them are painted on the surface of the utensils, and then fired in the kiln. In this way, the painted pottery utensils are colorful, beautiful and durable. A small amount of painted pottery was also found.

The main production tools are clam sickle, double hole clam knife and stone axe. Ornaments include jade Bi, jade bracelet, jade pendant and bone hairpin. In addition, more animal skeletons and shells were found, which were broken and were the remains of people's food or bone processing. These skeletons are mainly composed of wild animals, mainly deer. Aquatic animals include fish and mussels. Meretrix meretrix and other shellfish inhabited in the "liangheshui" area of the estuary with low salinity. This not only shows the ecological environment at that time, but also reflects the important position of fishing and hunting economy in social life at that time.

The Fujia site is considered to be a cultural site of the middle and late Neolithic age after comprehensive investigation and identification by experts from Shandong Institute of archaeology. Its cultural features are obviously different from Dawenkou Culture in southern Shandong. Therefore, the remains of Fujia Dawenkou Culture may represent a new cultural type in northern Shandong. Its discovery and excavation provide important material materials for the study of local types and cultural stages of Dawenkou Culture in this area, and also provide a very important reference for the in-depth study of ancient civilization in the lower Yellow River region Valuable information. In 1992, the site was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit at the provincial level.

Address: Fujia village, Guangrao County, Dongying City

Longitude: 118.40177917481

Latitude: 37.040447235107

Chinese PinYin : Dong Ying Fu Jia Yi Zhi