jixia academy

jixia academy

Jixia Academy is the earliest government run institution of higher learning in the world and the earliest Academy of Social Sciences and government think tank in China.

It was built in tianwu of Duke Huan of Qi Dynasty. It is located near Jimen, Linzi (now Zibo City, Shandong Province), the capital of Qi.

Ji is the name of a gate in Linzi city (now Zibo City, Shandong Province). "Jixia" is near Jimen in Linzi, the capital of Qi, where the monarch of Qi set up a school. Therefore, the academy is named Jixia Academy because it is located near Jimen (which is the same as Hongdumen Academy in the Eastern Han Dynasty).

Jixia Academy is the first special institution of higher learning in the world, which is officially organized and privately hosted. In the history of Chinese academic thought, this rare and spectacular "contention of a hundred schools of thought" is centered on Jixia School of Qi State, and the official school is Huang Lao's school. As the center of academic contention, it contributed to the formation of academic contention in the world.

During this period, academic works came out one after another. There are Songzi, Tianzi, Zhuozi and Jiezi, which have been lost. In addition, the compilation of Guanzi, Yanzi Chunqiu, simafa and Zhouguan also involved Jixia scholars. Because many people were good at combining academic and political persuasion, there were as many as 76 people who were called Shangfu in xuanwang's time. The existence of Jixia Academy created a good social environment for a hundred schools of thought at that time and promoted the prosperity of academic culture in the pre Qin period.

summary

In its prosperous period, Jixia Academy once accommodated almost all the schools of thought, including Taoism, Confucianism, FA, Ming, Bing, Nong, yin and Yang, light and heavy schools. In its prosperous period, Jixia Academy gathered about 1000 sages in the world, including famous scholars such as Mencius (mengke), chunyukun, Zouzi (ZouYan), tianpian, Shenzi (Shendao), Shenzi (shenbuhai), Jiezi, Jizhen, Juanzi (Huanyuan), pengmeng, yinwenzi (Yinwen), Tianba, ershuo, lulianzi (luzhonglian), Xunzi (Xunguang), etc.

Xunzi, in particular, once served as the "sacrificial wine" of the academy three times. At that time, all the scholars who came to Jixia Academy could freely express their academic opinions regardless of their academic schools, ideological views, political tendencies, countries, ages, qualifications and so on, which made Jixia Academy the gathering center of various schools at that time.

These scholars argued with each other, heckled and absorbed each other, which became a typical example of the "contention of a hundred schools of thought" in the Warring States period. What is more valuable is that at that time, the rulers of Qi adopted a very polite attitude, granted many famous scholars "Shangfu", and "received the salary of Shangfu", that is, they had the corresponding titles and salaries, and allowed them to "discuss without ruling" (Shi Ji Tian Jingzhong's biography) and "discuss state affairs without holding a post" (Yan tie Lun Ru). Therefore, Jixia Academy has the dual nature of academic and political. It is not only an official academic institution, but also an official political advisory group.

Jixia Academy is broad and profound, including the thoughts of various schools at that time. As far as Confucianism is concerned, Mencius was one of the most influential scholars in Jixia Academy. It is recorded in the book on salt and iron, on Confucianism: "the king of Qi Xuan praised Confucianism and respected learning, and the disciples of Meng Ke and Chunyu Kun received the salary of the senior officials, regardless of their positions. Mr. Gai qijixia has a lot of people to do. " Qian Mu, a modern scholar, thinks that this historical data is unreliable, and Mencius is not "Mr. Jixia" (see Qian Mu's "a textual research on Mencius not listed in Jixia in pre Qin Dynasty)

But many scholars disagree with Qian Mu. No matter whether Mencius is Mr. Jixia or not, it is certain that Mencius has been in the same position for a long time, and his thoughts are quite influenced by Jixia scholars. For example, some scholars believe that Mencius' Thoughts on "cultivating noble spirit" are influenced by the "Qi Theory" of Mr. Jixia song Chuan and Yin Wen

(see Guo Moruo's ten critiques: Criticism of Huang Lao school in Jixia, Volume I of general history of Chinese thought by Hou Wailu, etc.).

Xunzi was the last master of Jixia Academy, and Xunzi inherited Jixia Taoism. There are some views about his school of thought, such as Huang Lao and Confucianism, and the Confucianists in Song Dynasty did not think highly of him because of his over emphasis on Huang Lao. Xunzi went out three times and entered into Jixia three times, which lasted for several decades. He also presided over the work of the Academy for sacrificing wine three times, which formed a theory different from the Confucianism of Zou and Lu. Jixia Xunzi is far away from the tradition of Confucius and Mencius, and has a strong yellow and old color. It is for this reason that the Confucians of the past dynasties treated Xunzi coldly and excluded him from the Confucian orthodoxy. They even said that he was "talented and unsophisticated" and "did not see the sages" (Cheng Yi). Even Su Shi, who was deeply influenced by Taoism, said that he "liked to be unconventional and didn't let go of it, and dared to ignore it

”(on Xunqing). The so-called "heresy" means that Xunzi deviated from the true biography of Confucius and Mencius Confucianism and went into a heretical way; the so-called "Gao Lun" means that he was based on the skills of Huang and Lao emperors, integrated etiquette and law, and founded his own new school.

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Historical basis

As for the formation and development of Huang Lao's study in Jixia Academy, the academic circles think that Huang Lao's study in Jixia Academy was supported and utilized by the feudal rulers of Qi at the beginning, and it was in the leading position in Jixia Academy. This is because the Tian regime of Qi state is a new regime established to replace the Jiang regime. It needs to defend its rationality in order to consolidate its ruling position.

So, how is this theory established? Because Laozi was from the state of Chen, and it was in the middle of the spring and Autumn period that Wan, the ancestor of Tian, fled from the state of Chen to the state of Qi. Therefore, Tian's regime chose Lao Tzu's theory from Chen state in the south, and at the same time brought forward the legend of Huang Di who was earlier than Yao, Shun, Yu and Shennong. On the one hand, he wanted to overpower Confucianism, Mohism, agriculture, and so on. More importantly, King Wei of Qi had painstakingly figured out that he regarded the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Tian family. Because Tian is a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, while Jiang is a descendant of the Yan Emperor. The legend that the Yellow Emperor conquered the Yan Emperor and had the whole world found the historical basis for the legitimacy of "Tian's replacing Qi".

Causes

1. During the Warring States period, the natural development of the style of cultivating and employing scholars.

2. It is the result of the feudal economic development of Qi.

3. Qi Wei Wang's liberal education policy reflects.

Establish hegemony

At the same time, he established hegemony under the banner of the Yellow Emperor and even unified the six countries. It is recorded in the inscription "Chen Hou Yin Dun" that "the reason is Yang Huang, Kao Zhao Tong, Huang Di, Gao Zu, and you Si Huan Wen. "The general idea is that King Wei of Qi (because of Qi) wants to carry forward the glorious tradition of his father Huan Gongwu, far from taking the Yellow Emperor as his ancestor, and near to inheriting the hegemony of Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Wen of Jin. King Wei of Qi regarded the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of Tian family, which has historical basis. In the inscriptions, King Wei of Qi publicized that Tian's ancestor was the Yellow Emperor, and combined the theories of the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu to form Huang Lao's school, which was regarded as the main body of Jixia Academy to defend the regime established by Tian, resulting in the reasonable idea of "Tian replacing Qi". Under such a political background, Huang Lao's school was formed in Jixia Academy of Qi. Therefore, Guo Moruo said: "the art of Huang Lao... In fact, it was cultivated, developed and flourished in Qi. "That's very reasonable.

Huang Lao's school is a school which rose in Qi after Confucianism, Mohism, Yang and Legalism. Because of the support of Tian Qi regime, it has a great influence in Qi. "The biography of Mencius and Xunqing in historical records" says: "be careful, Zhao people. Tian Pian, Jiezi, Qi people. Huanyuan, Chu people. They all learn from Huang Lao's moral skills. "Moreover, there are many works," Shen Dao wrote twelve treatises, Huan yuan wrote the first and second chapters, and Tian Pian and Jiezi both wrote Yan. According to Guo Moruo's opinion, Jixia Huang Lao's study can be divided into three schools: Song Chuan and Yin Wen, Tian Pian and Shen Dao, and Huan yuan. Lao Tzu was sorted out by Huan yuan, and this school mostly retained Lao Tzu's idea of emptiness, quietness and inaction; Tian Pian and Shen Dao put forward the idea of "reform by Tao", which is close to Legalists. However, Liu Weihua and Miao Runtian thought that Huang Lao's silk book might be the work of Huan yuan. This kind of opinion is more cautious, and it takes into account that Huang Lao's silk book is mostly written in Chu language. The author of Huang Lao's silk book should be from Chu, and Huan yuan is from Chu. He is also Mr. Jixia, one of the founders of Huang Lao's study in Jixia. Therefore, it is reasonable to say that he wrote Huang Lao silk book. During the Warring States period, the famous Huang Lao scholars included Shen Buhai, Xu Guanzi, Wenzi, etc., and the more important ones in the history of thought were song Chuan and Yin Wenyi.

establish

Jixia Academy was founded in the early years of the king of Qi Wei, which was the product of the political reform of the king of Qi Wei. King Wei of Qi is the son of Duke Huan of Tian Qi. According to the Bamboo Annals, he reigned for 36 years from 356 BC to 321 BC. When King Wei of Qi first ascended the throne, he was fond of sound and color, drinking and having fun. He often stayed up all night and ignored the government. However, under the advice of Zou Ji and Chunyu Kun, they were determined to change the current situation of Qi and carry out reform.

King Wei of Qi was an ambitious monarch. With the spirit of "no flying, no flying; no singing, no amazing", he appointed Zou Ji as prime minister, Tian Ji as general and Sun Bin as military adviser to carry out reform. He began with the assessment of officials, clear rewards and punishments, and the establishment of a clean and honest atmosphere. He cooked doctor a, awarded doctor Jimo, and practiced the rule of law. He also spoke widely and encouraged criticism, so as to expose the maladministration and facilitate reform; he attached great importance to talents, selected talents and appointed talents; he strengthened border defense and actively fought. King Wei of Qi

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