Liaoqing Mausoleum

Qingling

synonym

Liaoqing mausoleum generally refers to Qingling Mausoleum (liaoqing Mausoleum)

Liaoqing mausoleum is located in wangfen ditch, Daxinganling, 10km north of liaoqing city site, Balinyouqi. The mausoleum is located in Daheishan mountain and Qingyun Mountain in Liao Dynasty. At the foot of the mountain are the tombs of three emperors of the Liao Dynasty in their heyday, namely, Emperor yelulungxu of Liao Sheng Zong, Emperor luzongzhen of Liao Xing Zong, Emperor yeluhongji of Liao Dao Zong and their empresses. Shengzong mausoleum is called Yongqing mausoleum, Xingzong mausoleum is called Yongxing mausoleum, daozong mausoleum is called Yongfu mausoleum, and Sanling mausoleum is called Qingling mausoleum. The three mausoleums are arranged from east to west, so they are commonly known as Dongling, Zhongling and Xiling. In the ninth year of Tianqing (1119), the Jin people broke into the capital, and all the gold and jade treasures in Qingling were excavated. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1940s, Qingling was repeatedly robbed. After years of excavation, the tombs of Qingling were dilapidated, the cultural relics were basically lost, and the tombs of Xiling and Zhongling collapsed. Now it is a key cultural relic protection unit in China.

geographical position

Qingling mausoleum is located 15 kilometers north of Sumu site in soboliga (baitazi) of Balin Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, and 10 kilometers north of liaoqing city site in Daban Town of Balin Right Banner. Mausoleums are distributed in a narrow mountain valley at the south foot of a big mountain in the Daxinganling forest region. The mountain, like a barrier, runs east-west. On the south slope of the foot of the mountain, there are three peaks with jagged rocks, straight into the sky. The mountain was named Yong'an mountain in the Liao Dynasty and later changed to Qingyun Mountain, hence the name of Qingling. Now it is also called Daheishan mountain. In Mongolian, it is called walinwula (meaning sand dune with bricks and tiles), and the local people call it "wangfen ditch". Surrounded by mountains, this place is lush in vegetation, elegant in environment and numerous in wild animals. It is a hunting ground for the emperors of Liao Dynasty.

Brief introduction to the owner of the tomb

Yelulungxu (971-1031) was the sixth emperor of Liao. He is the longest emperor of Liao. He ascended the throne at the age of 12 (in 983) and changed Yuan Dynasty to Tonghe. During the reign of empress Xiao, reforms were carried out to make Liao more powerful. After emperor Shengzong came into power in 1009, Liao entered its heyday. In his later years, he was superstitious in Buddhism, which led to the decline of Liao. Liao Taiping 11 years (1031) died in June, at the age of 61, posthumous title Wenwu daxiaoxuan emperor.

The empress of qinai, Xiao Fujin, was the biological mother of Liao Xingzong. After Liao Xingzong was established as the crown prince, she was granted the title of Shun Shengyuan imperial concubine. In November of the 11th year of Taiping (1031), Shengzong was critically ill. He ascended the throne and became empress dowager. After Qin Ai took control of the government, he adopted various means to eliminate dissidents, which is known as "the dictatorship of Qin Ai". In the second year of the reign of emperor Chongxi (1034), Emperor qinai conspired to abolish Xingzong and set up another young son, Yelv Chongyuan. However, he was abandoned and imprisoned in Qingzhou (now northwest of Liaoning forest) to guard Shengzong's mausoleum. He died in December of 1057, the third year of Qingning. In May of the next year, Liao Dao Zongbao was named empress qinai. Guiyou, buried in Qingling.

Brother Bodhisattva Xiao (986-1036), the empress of benevolence and virtue, is the daughter of the younger brother of empress Ruizhi. At the age of 12, he was selected into the harem because of his beauty and talent. In the 19th year of Tonghe, he was over 16 years old and was canonized as Queen of Qitian. She had been with Luan for more than 20 years and won the favor of emperor Shengzong. Empress Rende gave birth to two princes and died young. In the fifth year of Kaitai, the palace man Xiao Fujin gave birth to Liao Xingzong. Empress Ren De came to take him as her adopted son. In June of the tenth year of Taiping (1031), Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty was critically ill. He ordered emperor Xingzong to succeed to the throne. Empress dowager of Qi Dynasty was empress dowager of the emperor and concubine Chuanjin was empress dowager. At this time, Xiao was overjoyed and became empress dowager. After Xiao Hongjin came to power, he excluded his dissidents and falsely accused empress Rende of participating in the rebellion. While Xingzong was driving to shoot in the spring, he sent someone to assassinate her. Empress Rende died in this way. She died at the age of 50 and was granted the title of empress Rende. He was buried in Qingling with empress qinai.

Liao xingzongye luzongzhen (1016-1055), named Zhigu by Qidan, is the seventh emperor of Liao state, the eldest son of Shengzong, whose mother is a palace maid Dijin. He was appointed prince in 1021, ascended to the throne in June 1031 and changed to Jingfu. During his 24 years in office, the National Treasury was abundant, but the government of Xingzong was lax. Xingzong fought against Xixia for many years, and fought against Xixia twice in Helan Mountain, forcing Song Dynasty to pay more new year's coins. However, it tended to be conservative in politics, and domestic conflicts became increasingly acute. Liao Xingzong also superstitious in Buddhism. In August of the 23rd year of Chongxi reign (1054), Liao Xingzong died at the age of 40. He was named emperor Xiaozhang.

Renyi empress Xiao Tali, the eldest daughter of Xiao and his eldest son Xiao Xiaomu, was born in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province. Her great aunt was the queen of jerboa. Empress Renyi has a generous personality and elegant appearance. As soon as Liao Xingzong ascended the throne, he entered the palace and gave birth to Liao daozong. In the fourth year of the reign of Chongxi (March 1035), he was appointed queen by the emperor of Liao Xingzong. In the 23rd year, it was named "Zhenyi, Cihe, Wenhui, the empress of Guangai and Chongsheng". After daozong ascended the throne, he was honored as empress dowager in September 1055. In the second year of Qingning, he was honored as "Ci Yi Ren and Wen Hui, honoring empress dowager Guangai Zongtian". In the summer of the second year of Dakang, yiyoushuo (March 1076) collapsed. In June, the Empress Dowager of Dahang honored her as empress Renyi. Wuzi, song, Korea and Xixia all sent envoys to hang sacrifices. Jiawu, buried in Qingling.

Yeluhongji (1032-1101) was the eighth emperor of Liao state and the eldest son of Liao Xingzong. From 1055 to 1101, he was in power for 47 years. During his reign, Liao Dynasty was corrupt in politics and gradually declined in power. Daozong himself did nothing, decadent luxury, only know how to hunt in the mountains. At this time, the landlords annexed the land rapidly, and the people were suffering and complaining. Daozong also attached great importance to Yelu, Chongyuan and other crafty and sycophants and ignored the government, which led to the Luanhe rebellion. He believed in Buddhism. During his reign, he overhauled Buddhist temples and pagodas. The decadent rule of Liao Dynasty caused the dissatisfaction of the people of all ethnic groups, and the Nuzhen nationality oppressed by Liao Dynasty began to rise, and finally Liao daozong became the gravedigger. In 1101, daozong died at the age of 70. Twenty five years after the death of daozong, the Liao Dynasty, which was once strong for a time, was destroyed.

Xiao Guanyin (1040-1075), Queen of Xuanyi, was a woman writer in Liao Dynasty. He is charming and charming, introverted and delicate. He is very talented. He is proficient in poetry, calligraphy and temperament. She played the lute well, which was called the first one at that time. He once wrote the poem "Fu Hu Lin Ying Zhi" and "Jun Chen Comrade Hua Yi Tong Feng Ying Zhi", etc., and was praised as a talented woman by daozong. Chongxi (1032-1055) accepted the imperial concubine and gave birth to Prince yelujun. She was made queen in December 1055. Later, due to the admonition of hunting Qiushan, he wrote 10 poems in huixinyuan to express his melancholy. In the early years of Taikang (November 1075), he was falsely accused by Yelv Yixin and others, and was given death by daozong. His body was returned to his home. In June 1101, she was named Queen Xuanyi and buried in Qingling.

Mausoleum layout

According to the geographical records of Liao Dynasty, when the sixth emperor of Liao Dynasty, yelulungxu, was in Qingyun Mountain, he said that he should be buried here after his death. After that, the three emperors of Liao Dynasty were all buried here. The three mausoleums are lined up from east to west, and are hidden among the forests and trees on the hillside. They are the "Yongqing mausoleum" of emperor Yelu Longxu, empress qinai and empress Rende, the "Yongxing mausoleum" of emperor Yelu Zong and empress Renyi, the "Yongfu mausoleum" of emperor Yelu Hongji and empress Yi, and the funerary tombs of empress concubine and Prince. The three mausoleums are about 2km apart. The whole mausoleum is more than ten li in radius, with grand scale and huge project. The three tombs are arranged from east to west. According to their location, they are also called the East Mausoleum, the middle mausoleum and the West mausoleum. Because the three mausoleums coexist in one Mausoleum City, they are generally called Qingling mausoleum. The three mausoleums have mausoleum gate, hall of enjoyment and Shinto, which are east-west. Originally, the three mausoleums were all built of brick and wood, but now most of them are destroyed. The gate of the mausoleum was originally made of brick, but the central mausoleum and the Western mausoleum could only be restored with patterns because of the serious damage of the color paintings. There are front, middle and back chambers and four side chambers (ear chambers) in the tomb. They are built with furrow brick and lime mortar. The wall of the tomb is made of three layers of brick and the top of the tomb is made of two layers of brick. The wall and the door of the tomb are plastered with lime and painted with murals.

Yongqing Mausoleum of liaoshengzong

Yongqing Mausoleum of emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty is located in the hillside three and a half kilometers away from the valley. In the present mausoleum area, there are still relics such as Xiangtang, Jidian, Xiandao and lingmen, which are the best preserved of the three mausoleums. There is a Shinto leading to the cemetery at the foot of Qingyun Mountain, and a mausoleum gate at the foot of the mountain. From the mausoleum gate to the mausoleum, the Shinto is 1300 meters long and 3 meters wide. On both sides of the Shinto, there are some architectural sites, such as the temple of immortals and Yurong hall. Yongqing mausoleum is a seven chambered brick tomb with imitation wood structure. The total length of the tomb is 21.2 meters, the maximum width is 15.5 meters, and the maximum height is about 6.5 meters. It is divided into three main chambers: front chamber, middle chamber and back chamber. The front chamber is on the East and west sides, the middle chamber is on the East and west sides, and the back chamber is the main chamber. The plane of the front room is rectangular, with a ticket roof. The other rooms are round, with a dome roof. The rooms are connected by a corridor with a ticket roof. The mausoleum is built with three layers of big blue bricks, with white ash inside. The ground is slightly south inclined, with polished square bricks and drainage system under it. In the main room, there is a huge outer chamber made of cypress. There are passageways between the chambers. There is a cypress gate. The gate building is made of carved bricks, with undulating tile ridges, high and curling lips, and full body color painting. The objects unearthed from the tomb are very fragmentary. When the Japanese excavated the Dongling, they unearthed some small wooden components, such as Fang, Yi, Dougong, which are valuable, but the original structure is unknown.

In the past, there were murals in three tombs of Qingling mausoleum, but now only in Dongling mausoleum there are copies, photos and well preserved painted murals. The painters should be the Khitan and Han painters at that time. Murals mainly in the tomb brick wood structure details and the tomb wall above, the content of decorative patterns, people

Chinese PinYin : Liao Qing Ling