Hulun Lake

Hulun Lake

Hulun Lake, also known as Hulun Lake, Dalai Lake and Dalai Nuoer, and Beier lake are sister lakes to each other. Mongolian means "lake like the sea".

In history, it was once known as daze, kulunbo, kuolian Haizi, hutuze, xuanliaochi, kuleng lake, etc. It is the main birthplace of many nomadic nationalities in the north, where Donghu, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Shiwei, Huihe, Tujue, Qidan, Nuzhen, Mongolia and other nationalities once lived.

Hulun Lake is located in the west of Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia autonomous region between new balhu Right Banner, new balhu Left Banner and ZALAINUOER district. It is an irregular oblique rectangle with a long axis from southwest to northeast. The length of the lake is 93 km, the maximum width is 41 km, the average width is 32 km, the perimeter of the lake is 447 km, and the area is 2339 square km,

The maximum water depth is 8 meters, the average water depth is 5.7 meters, and the storage capacity is 13.85 billion cubic meters. It is the largest lake in Inner Mongolia, the largest lake in Northeast China

China's fifth largest lake, fourth largest freshwater lake

The largest freshwater lake in the arid region of Central Asia,

It is a fresh water lake whose mineralization degree is greatly influenced by the environment.

Hulun Lake is located in the hinterland of Hulunbuir grassland, known as "Pearl of Grassland" and "kidney of Grassland",

It has a special position in regional ecological environment protection, and plays a very important role in maintaining the biodiversity and enriching the animal and plant resources of Hulunbuir grassland. Hulun Lake and its surrounding water systems were listed in the Ramsar Convention list of international important wetlands in January 2002, and were approved to join the UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve Network in November 2002.

The origin of the name

Hulun Lake was inhabited by human beings in prehistory. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called daze; in the Tang Dynasty, it was called gulunbo; in the Liao and Jin Dynasties, it was called castanoluo; in the Yuan Dynasty, it was called kuolian Haizi; in the Ming Dynasty, it was called kuleng Lake; in the Qing Dynasty, it was called dalainor (Mongolian, meaning "a lake like the sea").

Hulun Lake is a modern name. "Hulun" is the homonym of Mongolian "haliu", which means "otter"; and "Beier" means "male otter". In ancient times, the two lakes were rich in otters. The Mongolians living near the lake named the two lakes after the ancient custom of naming mountains, rivers, lakes and springs with the names of animals and plants.

Geography

geographical environment

Hulun Lake is located in the west of Hulun Buir Grassland between new balhu Right Banner, new balhu Left Banner and Zhalainoer, Manzhouli City. Its geographical coordinates are 117 ° 00'10 ″～ 117 ° 41'40 ″ E and 48 ° 30'40 ″～ 49 ° 20'40 ″ n. It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in China,

The largest lake in Inner Mongolia. Wuerxun river connects Hulun Lake and Beier lake, forming the same water system. Hulun Lake is an irregular oblique rectangle with a long axis from southwest to northeast. It is 93 km long, 41 km wide, 32 km wide on average, 447 km long and 2339 square km in area,

The total area of Hulun Lake and its surrounding wetlands is 7680 square kilometers. The highest water level is 545.59 meters above sea level.

The maximum water depth of Hulun Lake is 8 meters, the average water depth is 5.7 meters, and the water storage capacity is 13.85 billion cubic meters. The freezing period in winter is 170-180 days, and the maximum ice thickness is 1.3 meters.

With the change of tectonic movement and climate, its scope has expanded and narrowed more than once in history. When the lake surface shrinks, it becomes a wetland and a discontinuous small lake; when the lake surface expands, it becomes an outflow huff and puff lake. The change of water quality of Hulun Lake also depends on the increase or decrease of water quantity: when the water quantity of the lake increases, the water level rises and becomes a drainage lake, the salt content decreases, which belongs to freshwater lake; when the water quantity of the lake continues to decrease, the water level drops continuously, only swallowing but not spitting, even breaking off the connection with the outflow River and becoming an inland lake, the salt content of the lake increases, and even becomes a brackish lake.

Most of the time, Hulun Lake was an outflow fresh water lake, the lake water flowed into Erguna River, and Erguna river flowed into Heilongjiang. The pH value is 8.5.

landforms

Hulun Lake is a tectonic lake formed by crustal movement. Hulun Lake area is the lowest part in Hailaer basin. Hulun Lake area is located in the lacustrine alluvial plain, the lake basin is not deep, the surrounding undulation is not big, and the stratum is mostly covered with Quaternary sediments. The geomorphology of this area can be divided into Lake Basin, low mountains and hills, lakeside plain and alluvial plain, valley floodplain and high plain. On the West Bank of Hulun Lake, there are mountains and cliffs; on the East and south banks, the terrain is flat and open. The bottom of the lake is mud bottom with flat terrain and mostly fine gravel layer. There are many marshes, typical grasslands and meadow grasslands around the lake. Part of the lakeshore has modern sand beach, its composition particles are more uniform and round, and the terrain is slowly inclined to the lake basin.

climate

Hulun lake belongs to the middle temperate continental grassland climate, which is located in the middle and high latitude temperate semi-arid region. Winter lasts 210 days from early October to early May of the following year. Spring lasts about 50 days from early May to late June. Summer starts from late June to early August, a total of 44 days. Autumn starts in the first and middle of August and ends in early October, about 60 days. The winter is cold and long, the spring is dry and windy, the summer is cool and short, the autumn is cool and frost is early. There is plenty of light in the year.

The annual average temperature distribution in Hulun Lake area is lower in the north and far from the lake shore, and higher in the southwest or near the lake shore. The annual average temperature of Manzhouli, zhalainor on the Hubei coast and Amugulang in the southeast is below zero. The annual average temperature of alatanemole in the southwest is above zero, which is the highest in the west of Daxinganling. Compared with the south bank, the annual average temperature difference is about 0.5 ℃. The extreme low temperature in January is - 42.7 ℃ (Manzhouli). Due to the large heat capacity and strong evaporation of Hulun Lake, the water temperature of the lake is lower than that of the surrounding land. After freezing in winter, the lake surface temperature is close to the surrounding temperature. The lake was frozen in early November and thawed in early May of the next year. The maximum ice thickness can reach more than 1m. It is a long frozen lake in China.

Although the water vapor pressure is small in winter in Hulun Lake area, due to the low temperature, the saturated water vapor pressure is also small, and the relative humidity is still large, ranging from 70% to 80%. In spring, there is less precipitation and dry air, which is the season with the lowest relative humidity in the whole year, with an average of about 47%; in summer, there is more precipitation and rich water vapor in the air, with a relative humidity of 65% - 73%; in autumn, the temperature drops, and the relative humidity is slightly higher than that in spring, with a range of 58% - 66%.

Historical evolution

Due to the action of crustal movement, the original Hulun Lake moved to the east of Wuerxun River to Huihe River 25 million years ago. About two to three million years ago, with the continuous compression of the earth's crust, two large faults from north to East occurred on the East and west sides of the lake area. The original Hulun Lake moved back to its present position from the east of Wuerxun River to Huihe river. Before that, the area of Hulun Lake was much larger than that of contemporary Hulun Lake. From one million to 15000 years ago, the climate of Hulun Lake area changed from warm and rainy to glacial climate. About 10000 years ago, the glacial climate disappeared, and the climate gradually became warm and dry. Modern Hulun Lake was formed. The records in Shanhaijing, Tangshu and other ancient books reflect the changes of Hulun Lake area in human history. Hulun Lake dried up again in the late Qing Dynasty, leaving a few small bubbles and a large number of wetlands. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China to 1976, Hulun Lake had a process of expansion. Hulun Lake is a retractable huff and puff lake. Since its appearance, the area and environment of Hulun Lake have unique periodic change characteristics under the influence of natural factors such as crustal movement and climate change.

Hulun Lake is connected to the upper reaches of Heilongjiang (Hailar River) through dalan'elumu river. From 1958 to 1962, the mudnaya River, which connects with the lake, was blocked, and the lake water rose by 2.5 meters. In 1958, the rise of the lake water caused Dalai River to threaten the nearby ZALAINUOER coal mine. The government dammed the Dalai river three times to block the river course, but the damming caused the lake water not to flow out smoothly. Later, the artificial river was built to make the lake water flow out. The project is called "Dalai Lake recent drainage project", and the old river course of Dalai river is still used at the north and south ends, An artificial river was dug in the middle section to bypass ZALAINUOER coal mine in the East. This section of artificial river, called "Xinkai River", was started in 1965 and completed on September 8, 1971, with a total length of 16.4 kilometers. The river bottom to the south of the railway bridge is 15 meters wide, and the river bottom to the north of the bridge is 22 meters wide. In order to prevent the Hailaer River from flowing back into Hulun Lake when the water level is high, the artificial gate was built at the south end of the river.

river system

Hulun Lake water system belongs to Erguna river system in Heilongjiang Basin. In addition to the direct bearing of atmospheric precipitation on the surface of Hulun Lake, the replenishment of water mainly depends on the recharge of groundwater and surface runoff. There are more than 30 springs at the bottom of Hulun Lake, which provide groundwater recharge. The surface water system of Hulun Lake consists of Hulun Lake, halaha River, Beier lake, Wuerxun River, Kelulun River, Xinkai River and Dalan Oromu River connecting Hulun Lake and Erguna river

Chinese PinYin : Hu Lun Hu