Jinjiehao site

Jinjiehao site

Jin JIEHAO is also known as the great wall of Jin and Wushu. In the history of Jin, there are more than ten titles for the project, such as JIEHAO, haoqian, Haolei, yuanlei, leiqian, haozhang, Haoqiang, Jieqiang and bianbao. It was first built in the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Jin Dynasty, started in 1123 ad, and finally took shape around 1198. It is a large-scale ancient military defense project.

The structure of Jin Jie moat is unique. It is composed of outer moat, main wall, inner moat and auxiliary wall. The height of main wall is 5m-6m, and the width of boundary moat is 30m-60m. The main wall is built with horse face every 60M-80M, and one Fort every 5km-10km. The remnant wall is generally 1.5-2.5 meters high, and the trench wall and the old site of the side fort are clearly visible. Jinjiehao site was announced as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units on June 25, 2001.

Historical changes

Jinjiehao was first built in the reign of Emperor Taizong in the reign of emperor Tianhui of Jin Dynasty. It was built in 1123 A.D. and finally took shape around 1198. It was initially built in a relatively gentle grassland. Later, it was mostly built on the gentle slope and flat ground at the foot of the mountain. If it was needed to pass through the mountain ridge, it also passed through the lower depression. It is different from the great wall of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Ming Dynasty, which was built on the ridge of the mountains. It was controlled by the mountains, so it was easy to be buried by the wind and sand soon after the boundary trench was dug. When the Mongolian cavalry attacked, it only needed a small amount of firewood and sand to bury a section of the boundary trench, which became a channel for the southward attack. So the golden boundary trench could not stop the cavalry, and it was very difficult to do the defense project with the national financial and human resources It's going to fall apart.

After Genghis Khan defeated the naman tribe, he lived in Wanggu tribe, which was south of the naman tribe. He was originally guarding the southwest road moat for the Jin Dynasty. After Genghis Khan and Wang Gu's minister alawusti jiwuli got married by marriage, the army of the Mongolian Khanate passed through JIEHAO, crossed the Yellow River from Dongsheng prefecture (Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia) under Wang Gu's leadership, went straight to Guanzhong and Henan areas, and joined the Mongolian army from the northwest road to the south, finally destroying the Jin Dynasty. From then on, the fortress became a relic for later generations.

Distribution area

According to the records of the history of the Jin Dynasty, and after repeated investigations by cultural relics archaeologists, three main lines were determined. JIEHAO in the south of Daxinganling is under the jurisdiction of Northeast Road, linhuang Road, Northwest Road and Southwest Road. There is only one main line at the East and West ends, and there are two long main lines in the middle, South and North. The east end starts from laolongtou in the south of Qijiazi village, Nierji Town, molidawaddaur Autonomous Banner in Hulunbuir, and ends at Keyouqianqi Manchu village in Xing'an League, which is divided into South and North lines. The south line starts from Manchu Tunxiang, enters Tuquan county to the south, passes through Keyouzhong banner, zalaite banner and aruhorqin banner of Chifeng City to the southwest, turns to Balinzuo banner, Balinyou banner, Linxi County and Keshiketeng Banner to the west, turns to Xilinguole League Zhenglan Banner to the southwest, and connects with the North line to Chagan aobaosumu banner of Siziwang Banner of Ulanqab city to the west, and enters huhehao banner through Damao United banner of Baotou city Shangmiaogou village, Wuchuan County, Guangzhou

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That is, jinjiehao starts from Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Hulunbuir in the East, passes through Gongger grassland of solun, Tuquan, Keshiketeng and Lanqi of Xilinguole League in the southwest, and ends at Houtao plain of Yinshan Yellow River, with a total distance of 1500 km. In addition, an outer line and a double line were built from the North Bank of Erguna to the north of Manzhouli City to Mongolia, and the double line from Keqi tianheyuan township to guangxingyuan township. The jinjiehao site is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, and a small part in Russia and Mongolia. The length of the moat that can be seen from the ground is about 5500 km. In terms of strike, it can be divided into Lingbei line, north line and south line

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defense system

In the defense engineering system of jinjiehao, the linear defense is the most advanced defense means, while the military settlement defense system is located in the rear of the project, some of which are evenly arranged along the line of JIEHAO, forming one by one garrison points on the Great Wall line; the other part is arranged in the North-South depth, serving as the supply of human and material resources for the front-line operations; and Some of them, as command system, are located in the innermost part of the Great Wall. The number of various kinds of military settlements decreases in turn. Through information transmission engineering, the linear border moat defense is connected with the point settlement defense network, which makes the military defense engineering of the golden border moat more complete and optimized.

Through the collation and analysis of archaeological data, it is concluded that jinjiehao military settlement has four central defense strongholds: Jintai Prefecture, linyanfu, Fuzhou and Fengzhou. The whole defense structure of the military settlement takes the four Jiezhen states as the center and radiates to the northwest. According to the hierarchical system of military management in the golden frontier, it presents a clear hierarchical structure, including three levels of military fortresses: the linear and dense border fortresses, the garrison fortresses in the territory and the large command fortresses in the rear. The border fortress is a basic defense unit, which can be divided into two types: one is relying on the Great Wall as one wall, and the other three walls are built; the other is independent of the border fortress, most of which are inside the boundary trench, and they are all under the command of the superior border fortress. The main function of the garrison fort is to garrison troops, and there are military functional departments to command the garrison of the fort, deal with the battle and defense matters in the local section, and deploy the guard work of the boundary trench, Fengxuan and other engineering facilities under their jurisdiction. Generally, the garrison fort is located in the boundary wall, and is built on the platform at the intersection of the river valley, which is close to the boundary wall The distance varies depending on the terrain. The forts are of different sizes. The small ones are simple and have only four walls. The plane is mostly square, with an area of about 10000 m2. Generally, a door is opened in the middle of the south wall, and individual urn cities are built. The structure of the big ones is relatively complex. Some of them have two walls inside and outside, three or four doors, and urn cities. Some of them have horse faces and trenches outside the walls. There are offices and residences for officers in the castle; there are a large number of troops stationed in the castle, and there are military functional departments and administrative functional departments to command the subordinate fortresses. Usually it is the city of Luxia state or its subordinate County, and it is the location of command organization in wartime. Most of the important castles cover an area of 1 million m2, with complex internal structure, functional zoning, clear roads and complete urban defense facilities. Important castles also have the functions of production and trade.

Jinjie moat is composed of moat, moat wall (also known as "dike", wall beside the moat), horse face on the wall and women's wall. The boundary trench was built with Tun soil in the form of trench to prevent the horses from rushing over. Although the boundary trench has collapsed, the depth of the trench and the height of the wall are more than 4m and 5m respectively. A horse face is built on the wall, which is higher than the wall and extends out of the wall, so that the garrison soldiers can be at a commanding position, which is conducive to archery and defense. According to the strategic importance of the region, it is equipped with different types of defense facilities, such as single trench and single wall, single trench and double wall, double trench and double wall. The shape of double trench and double wall is composed of main wall, inner trench, auxiliary wall and outer trench from inside to outside. The minimum total width is 30m and the maximum is 60m. The width of each trench should not be too large or too small, too small can not effectively prevent the horses from crossing; too large makes the horses trapped in the trench easy to jump out of the trench. Most of the building materials are earth building or earth rock mixed building. Only part of the site is compacted. Wang Guowei mentioned in his research on the golden boundary moat: "those who are in the boundary moat dig the ground as a trench to limit the strength of the army; those who are in the border fortress build castles at key points to guard the people." It can be seen that the main purpose of jinjiehao was not to prevent the enemy from entering, but to increase the difficulty of the enemy's attack and slow down the speed of its advance, which was essentially different from the tall side walls of other dynasties.

The information transmission project on the jinjiehao line is an important part of the jinjiehao defense engineering system, which is completed by beacon tunnel and Chupu. The function of the beacon tunnel building is to give an alarm in time, transmit military information by lighting fireworks, and inform the superior of the news of the front line. Corresponding to the beacon fire, it means that the beacon towers are arranged according to the spacing, and can echo each other in case of any situation. Through the archaeological investigation of JIEHAO in Northeast Road, four beacon towers were found, and the rest were made of natural highlands. It can be seen that the beacon tunnel of jinjiehao is not exactly the same as that of other dynasties. Its function may be completed by some horse faces or on natural Highlands, and the configuration of each section is different. Therefore, there are not many remains of the construction of the beacon tunnel. The function of the bridge is to exchange military information, ensure the transportation safety of military supplies, and provide temporary residence and horse exchange for personnel or officials delivering official documents. Its scale is similar to the garrison castle, with city defense facilities. During the reign of emperor Shizong, the delivery shop was set up and managed by the Ministry of war. It is usually built near the main traffic lines with troops. During Zhangzong period, in order to meet the needs of the war, a faster delivery organization was established

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Research history

China

The study of Jin JIEHAO started from the compilation of Jin history, but it was only collecting data at that time, not really studying. In the Ming Dynasty, there were almost no research results about Jin JIEHAO. The reason for the lack of research on Jin JIEHAO in the Ming Dynasty may be that Mobei was occupied by Mongolia and could not reach the Great Wall built in the Jin Dynasty. However, the military defense project called JIEHAO in the history of Jin Dynasty was called the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty. Wang Guowei has noticed this historical material in his article "textual research on Jin Jie Hao", and said: "the biography of Su Bu Tai in the history of Yuan Dynasty is also called the Great Wall."

By the Qing Dynasty, the research of Jin JIEHAO had made some progress. Huang Pengnian's Ji Fu Tong Zhi records the history of Qianlong

Chinese PinYin : Jin Jie Hao Yi Zhi