Qin Zhidao

Qin Zhidao

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

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Qinzhi Road, located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Shaanxi Province of the people's Republic of China, is a traffic trunk road built in the Qin Dynasty. The road was first built in the 35th year of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty (212 BC), but there is no specific date for its completion. After the completion of Qin Zhidao, it was used before the Qing Dynasty, and gradually abandoned in the Qing Dynasty. In the 1970s, archaeologists began to study Qin Zhidao again, and the trend of Qin Zhidao became the focus of academic debate. In 2009, the qinzhidao road in Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province was confirmed by archaeological excavation. So far, almost all the directions of qinzhidao road have been confirmed. In 2006 and 2013, qinzhidao site, qinzhidao starting point site, Yan'an section of qinzhidao site and Qingyang section of qinzhidao site were listed in the sixth and seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units respectively.

brief introduction

Qinzhi Road, located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Shaanxi Province of the people's Republic of China, is a traffic trunk road built in the Qin Dynasty. The road was first built in the 35th year of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty (212 BC), but there is no specific date for its completion. After the completion of Qin Zhidao, it was used before the Qing Dynasty, and gradually abandoned in the Qing Dynasty. In the 1970s, archaeologists began to study Qin Zhidao again, and the trend of Qin Zhidao became the focus of academic debate. In 2009, the qinzhidao road in Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province was confirmed by archaeological excavation. So far, almost all the directions of qinzhidao road have been confirmed. In 2006 and 2013, qinzhidao site, qinzhidao starting point site, Yan'an section of qinzhidao site and Qingyang section of qinzhidao site were listed in the sixth and seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units respectively.

history

In the 35th year of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty (212 BC), Qin Zhidao was a military passage with a length of more than 700 kilometers from north to south, starting from Linguang palace in Shaanxi Province in the south to Jiuyuan County in Baotou, Inner Mongolia. In order to prevent and guard against the invasion of Xiongnu nobles in the north, general Meng Tian led 300000 troops in two years The road is generally straight from north to south, so it is called "straight road"

. There are many opinions about the purpose of building Qinzhi Road, among which the more popular ones include "for the convenience of Patrol", "as a passage for transporting troops" and "as a traffic line". Mengtian is responsible for the construction of the project. Due to the complex terrain and steep road, the progress of the project is slow. Until Meng Tian was given death in the 37th year of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty (210 BC), Qin Zhidao was still not completely completed. After Qin II ascended the throne, he continued to build qinzhidao, but the historical data did not record the completion time of qinzhidao, and also did not record the specific route of qinzhidao. After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, qinzhidao continued to provide transportation services to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Some people think that the route Zhaojun took when he left the fortress was qinzhidao. During the Qing Dynasty, Qin Zhidao was gradually abandoned and lost its function as a main road.

Research

Route dispute

In 1975, Shi Nianhai, a historical geographer, published an article on the ruins of qinzhidao after consulting historical materials and on-the-spot investigation. The article discussed the regulation and trend of qinzhidao, and believed that qinzhidao should be crossed northward from qinlinguang Palace site in Beiliang Wudi village, Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province, along the ridge of Ziwuling to the south of Dingbian County, Shaanxi Province, and then northward into Ordos grassland near zhaojunfen Cross the Yellow River to the southwest of Baotou. This article makes the study of qinzhidao attract the attention of archaeology circle again, but later it is said that qinzhidao passes through the section of Ziwuling to the East, and enters Ordos grassland through Shangjun. There are great differences between the two sides in the analysis of the southern half of Qinzhi road.

site survey

In July 1974, the cultural relics cadre training class organized by the Department of culture of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region discovered the local remains of qinzhidao during the field practice in YIKEZHAO League. After that, it further confirmed the local remains, confirmed the general direction and scope of the local qinzhidao, and later confirmed that the northern end of qinzhidao was the ancient city of machi. In 1979, archaeologists investigated the Ganquan Palace site of Han Dynasty, which is the starting point of the southern section of qinzhidao. The north gate of the site is connected with the remains of Qin Zhidao. From 1991 to 1994, the Cultural Relics Bureau of Gansu Province organized personnel to investigate the remains of qinzhidao in Gansu Province, and found a large number of qinzhidao relics. In 2006, archaeologists found the pavement and drainage ditch of Qinzhi road in Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province. On March 2, 2009, Shaanxi Academy of archaeology organized personnel to excavate qinzhidao in Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province. The project took 56 days. In addition to the discovery of some ancient coins, archaeologists also excavated a large number of building sites beside Qinzhi Road, which were later identified as the site of bingzhan. This excavation is the first large-scale excavation of the Qin Zhidao site, and was selected as the top ten new archaeological discoveries in 2009. The result of this excavation is in conflict with the statement that the Qinzhi road passes through Gansu. Some people think that the Qinzhi road in Gansu is actually a branch line of the Qinzhi road.

Extant remains

Inner Mongolia Section

Among the existing qinzhidao, the Inner Mongolia section has been determined. It starts from the east of wusigedu village in Dalate Banner in the north, passes through the central region of Ordos Plateau, and ends at zhanggangtu team 4 in Yijinhuoluo banner in the south, with a straight-line distance of nearly 100 km at both ends. There are few bends in the whole course of this section. The hills are excavated to varying degrees, and the valleys are padded with soil to varying degrees. The remains are seriously eroded by rain, but the traces of subgrade can still be distinguished. There are three ancient cities of the same period, Chengliang, Gejian and dashunhao, on the east side of the qinzhidao ruins. According to the analysis of the unearthed cultural relics, they should be the subsidiary buildings of qinzhidao.

Gansu Section

The total length of Qinzhi road in Gansu Province is 290 kilometers, all located in Qingyang City. The southernmost end is located in Zhengning County, from liujiadian and heimawan to tiaolingguan along the boundary between Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, and then to the north out of Zhengning County, with a total length of about 70 kilometers and a width of 4 to 6 meters. Taking diaolingguan as the boundary, there is a slow uphill in the South and a slow downhill in the north. Qinzhi road in Ningxian county is 60 kilometers long and 5-6 meters wide. It goes from Zhengning county to wulidun in Ningxian County, and then to Heshui county through luyizhuang, Diaozhuang, Qilidian and other villages. The whole section of the mountain fluctuates little and the road is flat. Qinzhi road in Heshui county is connected with Qinzhi road in Ningxian county from wutingzi, and passes through Heshui county from south to north, with a total length of about 50 kilometers and a width of 6 meters. Some sections are seriously damaged by modern roads. Starting from Qinglong mountain, Qinzhi road enters the watershed at the junction of Heshui and Huachi counties and extends to the northwest. After reaching Mazhi gorge in Huachi County, it runs through Huachi County and enters Dingbian County, Shaanxi Province. It is about 110km in length and 6m in width. It is relatively well preserved. Along the way, a large number of architectural sites and 17 beacon relics were found in diaolingguan, Gaozhuang, aihaodian, wutingzi and other places.

Shaanxi section

Starting section

The starting section of Qinzhi road is located in Chunhua County. From the north gate of Ganquan Palace site in Han Dynasty to beizhuangzi village, it narrows northward. After 1 kilometer upward, it widens to 17 meters, and then extends northward to guimenkou at 1769 meters. The width here is about 20 meters, and then northward into Xunyi county.

Xunyi section

The average width of Qinzhi road in Xunyi county is 20 to 30 meters, which is well preserved due to vegetation coverage. The route from Chunhua, Yaoxian, Xunyi three junction of the arrow beam under the pan tou slope, Jiangji River, on dacaogouliang highland, around the beam to shimenguan Shimen at the lower slope, along the main vein of Ziwuling to Dadian village. From the downhill of Dadian to malancha Valley, across Malan River, straight up the slope from the cave of the former site of Malan revolution, along Ziwuling to diaolingguan. From 300 meters southeast of diaolingguan, it turns to ZhiBei downhill, enters Donggou from the west of shidizi reservoir, and connects with Qinzhi road in Huangling County, with a total length of about 90 kilometers. The ridge and highland part of the graben marks are very obvious. There is a big bend at the corner, and the road is spacious and smooth on the up and down ramps. In shimenguan section, there are three Qin and Han architectural sites, and two beacon sites along the way.

Yan'an section

Qinzhi road in Huangling County has a total length of 60 kilometers and a base width of 10-60 meters. It passes through laolubao, wulidun, juyuanguan and other villages in aihaodian. In the area of laolubao and aihaodian, there are many remains of beacon towers as high as 6 meters. On both sides of the Zhidao ruins, there are six Yakou, three military stations and one post station. The Fuxian section is 125 kilometers long, and its pavement is generally 30-40 meters wide, with the widest part reaching 58 meters. A large number of mutually overlapped ruts and footprints appeared in this section, and rammed earth slope protection was built on the side near the river, mountain and ditch. In the narrowest section of the road, there are a large number of architectural relics left behind. There are three marks of artificial destruction in the whole section of the road. The Qinzhi road in Ganquan County starts from the northwest of dunliang and then turns northeast. It goes down the mountain at Anjiagou. After crossing Luohe River, it goes up the mountain from longzuigou of fangjiahe river. Its north end is connected with Zhidan County, with a total length of 34 km. The road is southwest northeast, and the construction method is to cut one side of the mountain to open the road, and then fill the road to level the road. If there are gullies on one side of the mountain, rammed earth will be used to fill them to increase the width of the road. In Zhidan County

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