Zhanghe Reservoir

Zhanghe Reservoir

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

.

Zhanghe River is located in the middle of Hubei Province, 18 kilometers east of Jingmen City. It was started in July 1958 and completed in 1966. The dam of the reservoir is located in Zhanghe town (Yandun town), Jingmen City, where the mountain area in Northwest Hubei meets Jianghan Plain. The basin area controlled by the reservoir is 2212 square kilometers, accounting for 74.5% of Zhanghe River Basin area. Backwater involves 7 townships in Jingmen City, Dangyang city and Yuan'an county

(town).

Zhanghe reservoir is a group of reservoirs built on Zhanghe River to block the East Branch of Juzhang River, a tributary on the North Bank of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. It is the largest reservoir under the jurisdiction of Hubei Province through three open channels. It is one of the well-known artificial reservoirs in China. It is one of the nine large reservoir irrigation areas with an area of more than 2 million mu in China. It is also an important commodity grain base in Hubei Province.

natural environment

The basin where the reservoir is located belongs to pre Quaternary strata and Quaternary strata

The reservoir hub is located in

The syncline core is composed of sand shale. The exposed strata in the basin and reservoir irrigation area are relatively simple, and there are no destructive earthquake records in history. The geology of the dam area is mainly composed of sandstone and clay rock accumulated in Jurassic inland lacustrine facies, and a small part of them are sulfur shale and coal seam. The lithology is soft and semi hard rock with poor weathering resistance.

The reservoir receives many tributaries and a few undercurrent and Dongquan.

There are 59 tributaries with a length of more than 5 km, and 5 tributaries with a drainage area of more than 100 square kilometers are mingyangdong River, Xiaozhang River, Maoping River, Dingjia River and Qianjia river. The inflow of the reservoir is very unstable, with a flow rate of only 2-3 cubic meters per second in the dry season and 300-1000 cubic meters per second in the flood season.

Zhanghe reservoir is located in subtropical monsoon climate zone

The annual average sunshine is more than 2000 hours. The annual average temperature is 15-16 ℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 40.8 ℃, which occurs in July; the extreme minimum temperature is - 11 ℃, which occurs in January; the frost free period is 250-270 days. The average annual precipitation for many years is 1074 mm, mainly from April to September, accounting for about 80% of the annual precipitation. Taking Xueping station as an example, the maximum annual precipitation was 1586.9 mm (1964), and the minimum was 697.3 mm (1972).

The reason of the construction

Zhanghe River is the East Branch of Juzhang River, a large tributary in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. It was also known as Jianghan River in ancient times. It originates from Jingshan mountain, with abundant rainfall in the upper reaches. The average inflow above the dam site is about 840 million cubic meters. Before the construction of the reservoir, every time there was rainstorm and torrential mountain flood, both sides of the river often burst into disaster, which increased the flood pressure of the Yangtze River and seriously affected the safety of the Jingjiang levee. From 1849 to 1949, there were 50 floods.

However, on the East Bank of the Zhanghe River, where floods occur frequently, there is a large area of hilly land, which is short of water every year, and it is difficult for people and animals to drink water. According to the analysis of historical hydrological data, the frequency of drought in Zhanghe Irrigation Area is extremely high, with severe drought occurring twice in ten years, moderate drought occurring twice in five years, and early drought occurring almost every year. There is such a folk song in the irrigation area: "water flows in the river, people worry on the bank, dry land smokes, and there is no harvest for nine years.". The endless floods and droughts in old China could not be cured, and the people could not bear the hardships. The long cherished wish of harnessing the Juzhang river for many years could not be realized.

After the founding of new China, the party and the people's government are very concerned about the development and management of the Juzhang river. From 1952 to 1954, the flood and drought continued to damage, and the desire of cadres and the masses to control the Zhanghe River was more urgent. From 1953 to 1957, the Provincial Department of water resources organized forces to repeatedly investigate the hydrology, topography and geology of the Juzhang River, and put forward the idea of building the Zhanghe River water conservancy project. In November 1957, at the Provincial Water Conservancy Association, governor Zhang tixue proposed to build Zhanghe reservoir. In February 1958, Qi Shaochuan and Xu Jinbiao, deputy directors of the Provincial Department of water resources, together with Yu Xiaopeng, Secretary of the Jingzhou prefectural Party committee, Rao Mintai, Deputy Commissioner of the Jingzhou special office, and a group of engineering and technical personnel went to the site to investigate, select the dam site of the reservoir and discuss the scale of the project. In early May, the CPC Hubei Provincial Committee and the provincial people's Committee held a water conservancy on-site meeting in suixian County, at which the construction of Zhanghe reservoir was officially decided. On June 5, with the approval of Hubei Provincial People's Committee, Zhanghe water conservancy project headquarters was established. Liang jiurang, deputy secretary of Jingzhou Prefecture Party committee, was appointed as party secretary, and Rao Mintai, Deputy Commissioner of Jingzhou special office, was appointed as commander in chief. From June 9 to the end of June, the cadres of the headquarters, the Zhanghe design group of the Provincial Water Conservancy Survey and Design Institute, the construction technicians of the first engineering group of the provincial water conservancy department and the migrant workers of Jingmen County successively entered the construction site. On July 1, the first construction shot of the diversion tunnel of Guanyinsi was fired.

Construction history

Zhanghe reservoir has a large scale and arduous task

The irrigation area is divided into 9 levels of canals and more than 15000 buildings. It was very difficult to start the construction of such a large project in 1958, which was mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, the financial and material resources of the state at that time were difficult; second, the construction technical force was relatively weak; third, the situation was severe due to the threat of flood during the construction period. However, under the leadership of Party committees at all levels, cadres and masses from Jingmen, Jiangling, Zhongxiang, Dangyang, Qianjiang, Shayang farms and other five counties, as well as the relevant units and units that came to support, devoted themselves to the construction of Zhanghe Reservoir with a high degree of enthusiasm for socialist construction and the spirit of self sacrifice. They vied with each other, voluntarily signed up for the war, spared no effort to pay, and fought day and night at the construction site. Some peasant families go out and don't go home during the Spring Festival. The cadres and the masses get together, eat the same pot of rice and live in the same thatched shed. In eight years of construction, Rao Mintai, the commander-in-chief, spent six years on New Year's Eve with migrant workers on the construction site. During the construction period, the largest number of migrant workers was 133000, showing a magnificent scene of gunfire moving the ground, dust covering the sky, a sea of people and magnificent mountains and rivers. Site than, learn, catch up with, help, super labor competition wave after wave.

In the process of construction, the broad masses of cadres and the masses carried forward the revolutionary spirit of fearing neither hardship nor death. From 1958 to 1966, more than 150 special labor models emerged, including LV Mingying, Hu Yuzhen and Lei Chaoyou. Five of them attended the National Youth socialist construction activists conference and militia activists conference. More than 200 outstanding sons and daughters gave their precious lives on the construction site.

Guanyinsi dam is the most difficult project in Zhanghe Reservoir construction

In February 1959, at the critical moment of seizing the elevation of 105m, the diversion tunnel collapsed and blocked, the discharge decreased continuously, and the reservoir water level rose, forcing the dam to be constructed according to the simple section. In November of the same year, the diversion tunnel was forced to be blocked in advance because of broken rock and incomplete lining. The original elevation of 105m was changed to 109m, making the task even more arduous. In February 1960, because the open trench was not excavated, the dam continued to grab another 120 meters of elevation according to the simple section, and stepped up the excavation of the open trench. In order to get out of danger, 100000 migrant workers insisted on the construction during the Spring Festival, fighting day and night, until late June, the tension of the hub project was eased. The main canal, the third trunk canal and the fourth trunk canal are particularly arduous. The main canal with a total length of 18 km was filled with 7 flood dams and 6 kaolin layers were excavated. Among them, zaoshudian canal section was full of expansive soil, which collapsed many times during excavation and had to be converted into caisson. The upper and lower sections of Qingshui bridge are all limestone strata, which are opened by explosives. The total length of the fourth main canal is 173 km, with 4 tunnels to be dug, 8 aqueducts to be built, 97 mountains to be split, and 87 filling and flushing. The 1138m long Huyaguan tunnel is characterized by complex geology, many faults, and extremely difficult construction. The 825m long Longquan aqueduct across Jingmen City is located in the middle of the mountain. Most of the main canals are excavated around the mountain, and the project is very large. The irrigation area of the third main canal is large, and the canal system is complex. The earthwork work accounts for half of the total canal work. Jingmen County, in addition to the main hub project tasks, also organized all the labor on the site to excavate channels. It has invested a lot of labor for the construction of Zhanghe reservoir.

The reason why Zhanghe project can be constructed under difficult conditions

Under the leadership of the provincial and prefectural Party committees, the Party committee of the project adopted the decision-making mode of combining cadres, technicians and the masses, and carried forward the style of hard work and self-reliance on the basis of following the scientific laws.

Reservoir characteristics

Zhanghe reservoir is composed of Guanyinsi reservoir and Jigongjian reservoir

The middle is communicated by open channel. Guanyinsi reservoir intercepts the main stream and most tributaries of the upper reaches of Zhanghe River, and controls the drainage area of 1957 square kilometers, but the storage capacity is small; Jigongjian reservoir intercepts the upper section of Fuxi River, a tributary of Zhanghe River, and controls the drainage area of 255 square kilometers, but the storage capacity is large. In order to adjust the contradiction between the inflow area and storage capacity of the two reservoirs, three open channels, qingjingan, huangjialong and yaojiachong, are excavated in the middle of the two reservoirs to connect the two reservoirs and form a whole.

The reservoir is a multi-year regulating reservoir with normal water level of 123.5m, flood season water level of 122.6m and dead water level of 113m; the design flood level of Guanyinsi reservoir is 127.51m and Jigongjian reservoir is 124.3m. The total storage capacity of the reservoir is 2 billion 35 million cubic meters, including 343 million cubic meters of flood storage capacity and Xingli reservoir.

Chinese PinYin : Zhang He Shui Ku