Kunyu Mountain

Kunyu Mountain

Kunyu Mountain, located in the east of Jiaodong Peninsula, is under the jurisdiction of Yantai Kunyu Mountain National Nature Reserve. It lies across the junction of Muping, Wendeng and Rushan, 35 km from north to South and 50 km from east to west, with a total area of 1750 square kilometers. Its main peak is Taibo peak, with an altitude of 923 meters. It is the highest peak in the east of Jiaodong Peninsula, known as the "ancestor of fairy mountain".

Kunyu Mountain is famous for its natural scenery, historical sites and revolutionary resorts in Jiaodong. There are many places of interest in Kunyu Mountain. As far back as the Han and Tang Dynasties, there were Sanhuang palace, Zen temple, Wuran temple, Liudu temple, Yuegu temple, Ganquan temple and other temples on the mountain. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Quanzhen School of Taoism was born here. The large-scale cliff inscriptions on the Holy Bible mountain are rare in China. The Han and Tang steles in Wuran temple and the Five Dynasties and five Chinese steles in Donghua Palace are all treasures.

Kunyu Mountain was one of the famous revolutionary bases in Jiaodong. In the 1935's, under the leadership of Deshui and Wang Liang, the "Red Army guerrillas of Kunyu Mountain" waged a protracted guerrilla war. The famous writer Feng Deying's Novels "bitter cauliflower", "spring flower" and "mountain chrysanthemum" are created against the background of Kunyu Mountain revolutionary struggle.

Kunyu Mountain is a national nature reserve with forest ecological types. It is the native place of Pinus densiflora in China and the natural distribution center with the largest distribution area and the best protection in the world.

Location context

Kunyu Mountain, formerly known as Guyu mountain, is located at the junction of Muping District and Wendeng District, covering an area of 109 square kilometers. The main peaks are east-west, and the west is north-south. There are many peaks. There are 25 peaks above 500 meters above sea level. Taibiding, the main peak, is 922.8 meters above sea level, located at 121 ° 46'e and 37 ° 15'n, which is the highest peak in the territory. Because of the long time of snow in winter, it is white in the distance, also known as "taibaiding".

The mountain system is crisscross with gullies and crags. The bedrock at the bottom of the valley is exposed. The ridge is sharp and steep, and the slope angle is generally more than 30 degrees. The mountain is composed of Proterozoic migmatite, diorite monzonite and Mesozoic late Yanshanian granodiorite. The mountain area is vast and the forest is dense.

Kunyu Mountain is located in the east of Jiaodong Peninsula, across the junction of Wendeng, Muping and Rushan, 35 km from north to South and 50 km from east to west, with a total area of 1750 square kilometers. Its main peak is Taibo peak, with an altitude of 923 meters. It is the highest peak in the east of Jiaodong Peninsula, known as the "ancestor of fairy mountains". Kunyu Mountain is famous for its natural scenery, historical sites and revolutionary resorts in Jiaodong.

Kunyu Mountain, known as Guyu mountain in ancient times, is located at the junction of Wendeng and Muping. Its main peak is taibiding (also known as dabeiding). It is 923 meters above sea level. The mountain is winding, deep in forest, secluded in valley and green in water. It is known as "the ancestor of fairy mountain" in history. Kunyu Mountain is famous as the birthplace of Taoism.

Main peaks

Duoshan, also known as Fayun mountain, is located in the northwest of the territory. It is the boundary mountain between Rushan and Muping, covering an area of 13.5 square kilometers (5 square kilometers). The mountain is majestic and steep. The main peak is 612.6 meters above sea level, which is the highest mountain in the territory. Along the mountain path to the top, you can see the sea in the south. The rocks of the mountain are Proterozoic migmatite, rich in pyrite.

Yuhuang mountain, located in the west of the territory, is the boundary mountain between Rushan and Haiyang. The mountain is steep. The main peak is 589.5 meters above sea level, covering an area of 4.5 square kilometers. It is named after the Yuhuang temple built on the mountain. According to the records of Dengzhou Prefecture, Haiyang County, Yuhuang mountain "when the clouds appear on the top of the mountain, it will rain. In case of drought, people will pray for rain. Among them, the peak is extremely high and inaccessible, and there is an anchor across it, so the shape is very huge.". The rocks of the mountain are monzonitic granite and syenite of late Yanshanian.

Mashishan is located in the south of mashidian town. The mountains are east-west, winding and steep, with long mountains and deep valleys. The main peak is 467.4 meters above sea level, and the secondary peak is 434 meters above sea level. The distance between the two peaks is 1.5 kilometers, with a total area of about 20 square kilometers.

Nungding, located in the northeast of Fengjia Town, is 424.8 meters above sea level. The mountain is majestic and magnificent. On a sunny day, you can see the South China Sea. Nungding mountain is the branch of Kunyu Mountain extending to the south, which was called xiaokunyu mountain in ancient times. Its north end is Jueshan in Muping District of Yantai City, its east end is Wendeng City, and its southeast extends to the North Bank of Huanglei River, with a total area of 30 square kilometers.

Shuangshan, located in the west of Xiachu Town, is divided into two peaks: the south peak is 299.5 meters above sea level, and the north peak is 301 meters above sea level. The distance between the two peaks is 250 meters, covering a total area of 2.5 square kilometers.

Geology and geomorphology

Kunyu Mountain is controlled by NNE trending faults, and the mountains are distributed in echelon arrangement. It is located in the area of Jiaoliao platform uplift and NNE trending fault group. The faults of this group are well developed in Jiaobei uplift, roughly parallel to each other and arranged equidistant. Generally, one fault occurs in 10-20 km and runs through Jiaobei uplift.

Kunyu Mountain is located in the Jiaodong Group of the basement fold structural belt in eastern Shandong Province. It mostly develops open compound anticline, short anticline and dome anticline, and its axial direction is NE and NNE. Regional schistosity, gneissity, migmatization zone and Precambrian magmatic belt are consistent with fold axis.

Kunyushan metasomatic granite is a large rock mass in the "Jiaobei uplift" area. It crosses Rushan, Muping and Wendeng and intrudes into Jiaodong Group in NNE direction. It is composed of medium grained granite, medium coarse grained granite and gneissic granite. The lithology is relatively simple. The main mineral components are plagioclase, potash feldspar, quartz, biotite, etc.

Kunyu Mountain is a low mountain formed by ancient metamorphic rocks, granites and other magmatic rocks, which belongs to crystalline rock series. The rock weathering erosion is strong. The macroscopic characteristics of low mountains are gentle peaks and ridges. The cutting depth of gullies is generally about 100 meters, and the average cutting density is 1.4-1.6 km / km2. The maximum relative elevation difference of mountain area is not more than 500 meters. There are some differences in the morphology of granite low mountains formed in Mesozoic. Because the rocks are dense and hard, the joints are developed, and the tectonic uplift activity is more intense, the mountain topography is undulating, the cutting is deep, and the mountain is steep. Most of the main peaks are between 700 and 800 meters above sea level. Taibo peak, the highest peak of Kunyu Mountain, is 922 meters.

（1） Kunyu Mountain is a hilly area. Located in the eastern end of Shandong Peninsula, three faces the Yellow Sea. It starts from Muping city in the west, and is bounded by Yulindian, Shuidao and Jinniushan fault in the south. The administrative regions are Rongcheng, Weihai, Wendeng, Muping, Rushan and other cities and counties. The area is a fault block uplift mountain composed of Jiaodong Group metamorphic rock, metasomatic granite and Yanshanian granite. There are three types of landforms: low mountains, hills and plains. Low mountain area is small, mainly Kunyu Mountain (922 meters above sea level), Weide mountain (553 meters above sea level), Cha mountain (539 meters above sea level). Taibo top, the main peak of Kunyu Mountain, is the highest point in the area, and the mountain range extends northwest. Weide mountain is located in the East. It is a strip-shaped mountain range, 6 km wide from north to South and 23 km long from east to west. The valleys on the north and south sides are symmetrically distributed, and the cut mountains are comb shaped ridges. Chashan is located in the south, facing the sea, with a total length of 10 kilometers. The granite mountain is exposed, with developed joints, and many cliffs and strange rocks. The hilly area is large, distributed around the low mountains, with gentle rise. Denudation peneplain is developed and fluctuates in the form of flat hill and shallow valley between 30-60m above sea level. The plain area is limited, mostly distributed in the coastal area, belonging to the Bay accumulation plain.

hydrographic features

Jiaodong hydrological region. This area is located in the east of Shandong Province, surrounded by the sea in the north, East and south, and bounded by the watershed of Dagu River and Jiaolai River in the West. In the area, the hills are undulating, and the altitude is mostly below 300 meters. In the north of the central part, there are Kunyu Mountain, AI mountain, daze mountain and other low mountains stretching from east to west, forming an important watershed in the area. Most of the rivers in the peninsula originate from this and flow southward into the South Yellow Sea, and flow northward into the North Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In this area, the water erosion is strong, the landform is fragmented, the river valley is relatively developed, and the river network density is the highest in each area, reaching 0.43 km / km2.

The average annual precipitation in this area is generally 600-900 mm. The high value area is in Kunyu Mountain and Laoshan Mountain, and the annual precipitation is more than 900 mm. The average annual runoff depth for many years is generally 100-300 mm. Kunyu Mountain and Laoshan Mountain are the largest runoff depth centers in this area, and the annual runoff depth is more than 300 mm. The general trend of runoff depth distribution is decreasing from southeast to northwest, and decreasing to below 150 mm in Bohai Coastal Plain. The runoff is concentrated in June to September, accounting for 84-86% of the annual runoff. The interannual variation of runoff is dramatic. The ratio of measured maximum annual runoff to minimum annual runoff is between 9-46. Most of the floods in this area occurred in July and August, and most of them were caused by rainstorm caused by typhoon. For example, the floods occurred in Dagu River, Huangshui River and dongwulong River in August 1985.

Kunyu Mountain is the birthplace of Hanshui River, Qinshui River, sow River and Huanglei river.

Sow River, also known as "Muzhu River" and "Heishui River", is formed by the confluence of East and West sow rivers. The West sow river is the main tributary, which originates from shangkuang village, Xiaoyuan Township, Wendeng District, North and South Shanshan and Sunjiazhuang North Guding, with a total length of 58 km and an average slope of 0.15%. East sow river originates from the West foot of Zhengqi, northeast of caomiaozi Township, Wendeng district. The two tributaries converge in the north of Daokou village, Songcun Town, Wendeng District, and flow south to the southeast of hukoushan village and into the Yellow Sea, with a total drainage area of 1637.5 square kilometers. Flow through

Chinese PinYin : Kun Yu Shan