Dalai Lake Nature Reserve

Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia

synonym

Dalai Lake Nature Reserve generally refers to Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia

Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia is located in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, including xinbalhu Right Banner, xinbalhu Left Banner, Manzhouli City and ZALAINUOER district. It is a comprehensive nature reserve of wildlife type, wetland ecosystem type and grassland ecosystem type.

The total area of the nature reserve is 740000 hectares, which is mainly composed of Hulun Lake (Dalai Lake), xindalai lake, Beier Lake (part of China), WuLanNuoer, Wuerxun River, the estuary of Kelulun River, floodplain, wetland on both sides of the river, grassland, sandy land and other diverse ecosystems.

Hulun Lake, also known as Dalai Lake, is the largest lake in Inner Mongolia, the fifth largest lake in China, the fourth largest fresh water lake, and the largest fresh water lake in the arid area of Central Asia. The largest area of the lake is 233900 hectares, and the water storage capacity is 13.85 billion cubic meters. The lake is extremely rich in aquatic biological resources. Lakes, rivers, reed ponds, marshes, meadows and grasslands constitute the complex and diverse natural ecological environment of the reserve. Hulun Lake wetland is not only an important channel for the migration of birds in the east of China, but also a stop station for the migration of waterfowl from Northeast Asia to Australia.

Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia is an important international wetland and one of the World Biosphere reserves of UNESCO.

Historical evolution

In 1985, Dalai Lake Nature Reserve was included in the planned Nature Reserve in the Inner Mongolia Grassland Nature Reserve Plan compiled by Inner Mongolia Institute of environmental protection. In 1986, the plan was approved by the people's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region;

In July 1986, "Dalai Lake rare bird wetland and grassland ecosystem nature reserve" was established with the approval of the people's Government of new balhuyou banner;

In December 1990, with the approval of the people's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, it was promoted to an autonomous regional nature reserve;

In October 1992, it was promoted to a national nature reserve with the approval of the State Council;

In March 1994, through the agreement of the governments of China, Mongolia and Russia, CMR Daur international nature reserve was formed by China's Dalai Lake National Nature Reserve, Mongolia's Daur National Nature Reserve and Russian Federation's daursk National Nature Reserve;

In May 1994, Dalai Lake National Nature Reserve and mallor national wildlife sanctuary, Oregon, United States, formed a sister nature reserve;

In February 1996, with the approval of the State Council, Dalai Lake National Nature Reserve expanded from about 4000 square kilometers to about 7400 square kilometers;

In January 2002, it was approved by the Secretariat of the International Convention on wetlands and listed in the Ramsar Convention list of international important wetlands;

In November 2002, it joined the World Biosphere Reserve Network with the approval of UNESCO;

In August 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Dalai Lake National Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia was officially renamed Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia.

geographical environment

Location context

Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve is located in the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the west of Hulunbuir city. It is 57 kilometers away from the border between China and Mongolia in the West and 15 kilometers away from Russia in the north. It is located in the border area of China, Mongolia and Russia. The nature reserve spans four administrative regions, namely, new balhuyou banner, new balhuzuo banner, Manzhouli City and ZALAINUOER district. It is 164 km away from Hailar District, capital of Hulunbeier City, 41 km away from Manzhouli City, the largest land port in China, 14 km away from alatanermole Town, new balhuyou banner, and 50 km away from Amugulang Town, new balhuzuo banner, in the north Latitude 47 ° 45 ′ 50 ″ ~ 49 ° 20 ′ 20 ″; longitude 116 ° 50 ′ 10 ″ ~ 118 ° 10 ′ 10 ″.

It is 545-785 meters above sea level and covers a total area of 740000 hectares.

It is a comprehensive nature reserve mainly for the protection of rare birds and their living lakes, rivers, wetlands and grassland ecosystems.

climatic conditions

The nature reserve is located in the eastern end of Eurasian grassland, in the inland area of the mainland, belonging to the temperate continental climate. The annual average temperature is - 1.3 ℃ - 0.4 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 40.1 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is - 42.7 ℃; the effective accumulated temperature of 10 ℃ is 2336-2675 ℃; the frost free period is 110-160 days; the average annual precipitation is 247-319mm, and the average annual evaporation is 1636mm.

topographic features

The nature reserve is located at the West foot of Daxing'an Mountains and the east side of Mongolia Plateau, with an altitude of 545-785m. The landform consists of six types: Lake basin bottom, lakeside plain and alluvial plain, flood plain, sandy land, low mountains and hills and high plain.

hydrology

Hulun Lake water system is the main part of Erguna river system, which includes Hulun Lake, Beier lake, krulun River, Wuerxun River, halaha River, dalan'elumu River (Xinkai River), Hailar River (artificial connection) and ulanor river. Among them, there are 3 rivers with a length of more than 100 km, 13 rivers with a length of 20-100 km and 64 rivers with a length of less than 20 km. There are 80 large and small rivers in the whole basin, with a total length of 2374.9 km and a total drainage area (domestic part) of 3721400 ha.

Hulun Lake is a huff and puff Lake in Hulunbeier high plain, ranking the fifth largest lake in China. It is an irregular oblique rectangle from northeast to southwest, with a length of 93 km, an average width of 32 km, and a maximum width of 41 km. The west side of the lake is close to the steep cliff, and the slope is relatively large, while the north, East and south sides are relatively gentle, and the deepest part is in the center of the west of the lake basin. When the water level is high, the lake water flows into the Erguna River along the Xinkai River and Dalan Oromu River and flows into the sea of Okhotsk, which is a freshwater lake; when the water level is low, it becomes an inland lake with brackish water (or brackish water). The water replenishment of Hulun Lake mainly comes from Wuerxun River, Kelulun River, natural precipitation, runoff around the lake and natural inflow of groundwater, and its water level and area change mainly depend on the amount of water replenishment. Due to the large area and shallow water depth of the lake, evaporation consumption is high. In history, the highest water level of Hulun Lake was 545.33 meters in 2000, with the largest area of 233900 hectares, the largest water depth of 8 meters, the average water depth of 5.7 meters, and the storage capacity of 13.85 billion cubic meters. Since 2000, affected by the continuous decline of precipitation in the surrounding areas, the water inflow of Wuerxun River and Kelulun River, the main tributaries of Hulun Lake, has decreased sharply. From 2000 to 2012, the total inflow of the two rivers was 4.05 billion cubic meters, with an average annual output of 310 million cubic meters, only 1 / 4 of the annual average, and the inflow of water into the lake was only 1 / 6 ~ 1 / 7 of the evaporation, resulting in the continuous decline of the lake water level. From 2000 to 2012, the water level of Hulun Lake dropped from 544.4 meters to 540 meters, the water area decreased from nearly 2200 square kilometers to 1750 square kilometers, and the water storage capacity decreased from 14 billion cubic meters to 4.5 billion cubic meters. After the project of "water diversion from river to Lake" was put into operation in 2009, the trend of water level decline was restrained, but until 2013, the water level in the lake area was still lower than the average water level for many years.

Due to the fact that the Kelulun River and Wuerxun river carry about 250000 tons of sediment into the lake every year on average, and the collapse of the lake bank caused by strong wind and waves, there is about 50 cm thick sediment deposition at the bottom of Hulun Lake.

Beier lake is a freshwater lake shared by China and Mongolia. It is oval in shape, 40 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide, covering an area of 60878 hectares. 4026 hectares in the northwest are owned by China, all of which are in the nature reserve. Generally, the depth is about 9 meters, and the deepest part of the lake can reach more than 50 meters.

Xindalai lake is formed by the high water level breach of Hulun Lake, covering an area of 14700 hectares. It is about 9 kilometers northeast of ganzhuhua and 5 kilometers west of Hulun Lake. With the decrease of water level in Hulun Lake, xindalai lake and Hulun Lake stopped flowing in 2001 and dried up in 2006.

WuLanNuoer is located 80 kilometers south of Hulun. It is a water surface formed by the tributaries of Wuerxun river. When the water is large, it is 15-17 kilometers long from east to west and 2-5 kilometers long from north to south, covering an area of 3200 hectares. It becomes a swamp in dry season. It dried up in 1996 and recovered to its original appearance after ecological engineering treatment in 1997.

Krulun river is located in the southwest of Hulun Lake. It originates from the south foot of Kent mountain in the people's Republic of Mongolia and flows into Hulun Lake from west to East. The river is 1264 km long and 40-90 m wide. It is 206.44 km long in China and less than 20 km long in the nature reserve.

Wuerxun river originates from Beier lake, flows into Hulun Lake in the north, connects Hulun Lake and Beier Lake in the north and south, and connects the left and right grasslands of xinbalhu in the East and West, with a total length of 223.28 kilometers and a drainage area of 10528.27 square kilometers. The width of the river varies with the amount of water. In the wet season, the width of the river is generally 60-70 meters, and the water depth is 2-3 meters.

Halaha river originates from darbin lake at the West foot of jiligexian in the south of Daxing'an Mountains. It flows from the southeast

Chinese PinYin : Da Lai Hu Zi Ran Bao Hu Qu