Gubeikou Great Wall

The original wild great wall is more suitable for hikers. The mountain of the Great Wall is not high, and the roads up the mountain are covered with stones. Looking down from a high place, the Great Wall is winding and the sun is setting, which makes it more lonely. Some road sections are dilapidated. It's better not to go when it's windy. It's dangerous. Around the great wall are yanglinggong temple, Panlong mountain, Gubeikou Anti Japanese War site and other scenic spots.

Gubeikou Great Wall

Gubeikou Great Wall is the most complete great wall system in the history of the great wall of China. It is composed of the great wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty and the great wall of the Ming Dynasty, including four sections: Wohushan, Panlongshan, Jinshanling and Simatai. Gubeikou is the fortress of the great wall between Shanhaiguan and Juyongguan. It is the throat of Liaodong plain and Inner Mongolia to the Central Plains. It has always been a place for military strategists. Especially in the Liao, Jin, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the battle for Gubeikou has never stopped. Therefore, the role of the Great Wall is particularly important.

Gubeikou Great Wall is located in the southeast of Gubeikou Town, Miyun District, Beijing. It is composed of the great wall of Wohushan, Panlongshan, Jinshanling and Simatai. In 555, the sixth year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty, a great wall of more than 1500 kilometers was built from Xihe River (now Yulin River in Shaanxi Province) to SHANGUAN customs. Among them, Gubeikou is the key fortification point. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, this pass was added. In 1378, Guancheng, daguankou and xiaoguankou, beacon towers and other fortress facilities were added, and two gates were added. One gate was set at the great wall gate, called "Tiemenguan", which only allowed one bicycle to pass through; the other gate was set on the Chaohe River, called "shuimenguan", which preserved the site. In the first year of Longqing (1567), Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun began large-scale reconstruction of the Great Wall from SHANGUAN to Juyongguan (see Juyongguan and Yuntai), and the Gubeikou Great Wall was built. Wangjing tower is the highest point of the Great Wall, 986 meters above sea level.

In 1933, during the Anti Japanese war in Gubeikou, more than 360 dead soldiers were buried at the foot of the Great Wall in Gubeikou.

The whole Gubeikou Great Wall has not been built in modern times, and it has a sense of vicissitudes. The broken wall and bullet hole make people feel as if they were in the era of war. In the setting sun, people cry.

The surrounding Great Wall

① The great wall of Wohushan. It is located in Hexi village, Gubeikou Town, Miyun District, with an altitude of 665.2 meters. It was built in the eighth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. The city wall is 13.6 kilometers long and has more than 20 enemy towers. ② Panlongshan Great Wall. Located between Simatai Great Wall and Wohushan Great Wall. With a total length of 5000 meters, there are 19 enemy towers. The general building and the twenty-four eye building are the essence of architecture. The general building is located at the commanding height of Panlong mountain. It is a square building with a width of 10.1 meters. There are four arrow windows in the north and south, three arrow windows in the East and three arrow windows in the west, and one door in the East, one in the south, one in the West and one in the north. The 24 eye building is a square building with double floors. There are 3 arrow windows on each floor and 24 holes in total, so it is named. But twenty four eye building has been blown up half by Japan and is incomplete.

The total area of the town is 84.71 square kilometers. There are Wangou shelf peak and Wohu mountain, with an elevation of 1124.6 and 665 meters. The landform belongs to the shallow hills of Yanshan. The Chaohe River enters from the northern pass, flows around the Yinshan Mountain and runs through the whole territory. Along both sides of the river, there are some flat lands formed by alluvial development of rivers. In the East, Xiaohai River enters from the northeast of Tanghe village, crosses the central part of the town, and flows into Chaohe River in the south of beidianzi village. There are 9 administrative villages and 40 natural villages in the administrative district, which are inhabited by Han, Manchu and Hui Nationalities. There are 2796 households, 8286 people and 4676 labor force, of which Han nationality accounts for more than 90%. The town has 578 hectares of arable land. The forest area is 3848 hectares, the water area is 11 hectares, the forest coverage rate is 45%, and there is one Simatai reservoir.

Geography and topography

It is located in Gubeikou town in the northeast of Miyun District, 120 kilometers away from Beijing, covering an area of 84.1 square kilometers. It is located in the shallow hilly area of Yanshan Mountains, south of Panlong and Wohu mountains. The Chaohe River flows into the Miyun reservoir from the northern Valley gorge. Gubeikou is located in the middle of Shanhaiguan and Juyongguan, with steep mountains and dangerous roads. It has been the key of Kyoto since ancient times. In the northern part of Beijing, the Yanshan Mountains stand flat, and the valleys open from the south of the tide, so it is called the Northeast gateway of Beijing.

It is adjacent to Xinchengzi Township in the East, Taishitun town in the south, Gaoling town in the West and Luanping county in Hebei Province across the Great Wall in the north. 117 ° 17 ′ 30 ″ - 117 ° 03 ′ 58 ″ e, 40 ° 36 ′ 38 ″ - 40 ° 42 ′ 23 ″ n. It is 55 kilometers away from Miyun County. Jingtong railway runs obliquely through the northwest of the town, with Gubeikou station. 101 National Highway (Jingcheng highway) runs through the whole territory.

Gubeikou is one of the important passes of the Great Wall. When the Great Wall was built in the Hongwu Period of the Ming Dynasty, Gubeikou was built by crossing the mountain. The city was built on the top of the mountain. With the rise and fall of the mountain, it zigzagged and presented as an irregular polygon, which was compared to the bird's nest. Tang Shunzhi, a poet of the Ming Dynasty, wrote a poem saying that "all cities are in the depression of the mountains, and this city is crowned with mountains as a bird's nest. At this point, it is thought of as a brave man. The sky is high and the bow is bright. "

In the north of Gubeikou City, there is Panlong mountain in the East and Wohu mountain in the West. The mountain is steep, with steep cliffs. The two mountains lock the Chaohe River tightly, and there is only one car on the Bank of the river. In the Jin Dynasty, an iron gate was built here to guard, so it is called "iron gate pass". The Great Wall at Gubeikou is winding, ups and downs, with dense enemy towers and different forms. Simatai Great Wall, which is famous both at home and abroad, is a section of the Great Wall in Gubeikou. It is amazing, dangerous, strange and special. It is praised as the best of the Great Wall by Luo Zhe, a great wall expert.

Architectural features

Gubeikou Ming Great Wall

It is the first military defense line in the northern part of the city. It is the most robust and majestic section of the Ming the Great Wall. Today, it is the only intact section of the Ming Dynasty the Great Wall that preserves the most beautiful part of Ming the Great Wall.

From the west to the East are badaluzi Great Wall, huangyugou Great Wall, Wohushan Great Wall, wanshoushan Great Wall, Panlongshan Great Wall, wulituo Great Wall, Jinshanling Great Wall and Simatai Great Wall.

Along the Great Wall line, which is more than 40 kilometers long, there are 172 enemy towers, 14 yanduns, and 16 checkpoints; 3 Shuiguan great wall; 6 Guancheng; and 3 urn cities; and many guards, posts, and fortresses are distributed in the periphery. In the section of the great wall of Wohushan, there is the sister building great wall, which is rare in the history of the Great Wall, and the Shuiguan Great Wall, which has the longest span in the history of the Great Wall.

Gubeikou the great wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty

Located in the south of the great wall of Ming Dynasty, it is 20 kilometers from the West badaluzi to the East Simatai Great Wall, forming the second military defense line of Gubeikou. In 1368, when Zhu Yuanzhang sent the founding General Xu Dazhong to build the great wall of Ming Dynasty, he built Gubeikou Guancheng, set up the defense of East, South and north gates, and built stones on the basis of the great wall of Northern Qi Dynasty to enhance the defense ability of the Great Wall. In 1569, when Qi Jiguang repaired the Great Wall in Gubeikou, he retained the great wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty and pasted the wall bricks outside it, forming the famous double Great Wall in Gubeikou. The famous dahualou beacon tower and seven famous gates still remain on the great wall of Biqi, which played an important role in protection and protection in history.

Historical evolution

From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, a pier was built at Gubeikou. In order to prevent the northern Xiongnu from invading and harassing the border, Emperor Liu Che ordered the garrison to build a city and deploy troops in Gubeikou, which made Gubeikou an inevitable place for repeated battles between Han and Xiongnu.

Countless wars took Gubeikou as the first step, making it the bridgehead to capture the Central Plains. However, there was no great wall in Gubeikou in the early period. The Great Wall in the Warring States period, Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty passed far north of Gubeikou.

During the Northern Dynasties, in order to defend the nomads further north and other neighboring regimes, they attached great importance to the construction of the Great Wall. According to the records of the northern history of Qi Dynasty, in 556, the seventh year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty, "the Great Wall was built by the general Qin garrison of Xihe (in the northwest of today's Datong in Shanxi Province), and the sea was built in the East (Zhishan customs building sea), and the East and West were more than 3000 Li.". The Great Wall built by the Northern Qi Dynasty to defend the Turks, Xi and Khitans passed through Gubeikou. This is the first time that the Great Wall appeared in Gubeikou. However, the great wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty is relatively low and small. It was built by earth and stone, and there are few relics.

The great wall of the Northern Qi Dynasty was repaired and used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Gubeikou was named after the Tang Dynasty, because it was an important pass of the Great Wall to the north of Youzhou (now Beijing) in the Tang Dynasty. There was a garrison at Beikou in the Tang Dynasty. Shouzhuo was a military area where soldiers were set up to guard the frontier in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, outside the great wall of Youzhou was the Xi nationality inhabited area, so Gubeikou was also known as "Xiguan". Beikou in Tang Dynasty has been called Gubeikou or hubeikou since five dynasties.

The earliest recorded battle in Gubeikou was in 913, the third year of Qianhua reign of Liang Dynasty, when Li Cunxu, king of Jin Dynasty, captured Youzhou, he sent General Liu Guangrui to lead his troops to conquer Gubeikou. In October of the first year of Longde (921), Khitan Lord Abao's army entered more than 10 cities, such as kuotanzhou (governing today's Miyun) and shunzhou (governing today's Shunyi) from the north entrance of ancient times. In December, it came out from the north entrance of ancient times.

In the fifth year of Taihe in the Jin Dynasty, Zhang Zong ordered people to build Dongxing two cities here. In the second year of Jin Zhenyou (1214), he set up tiemen pass here.

Gubeikou became a majestic pass in the Ming Dynasty. After the overthrow of the Tatar rulers in the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da to build the Juyongguan, Gubeikou and xifengkou. In 1378, Emperor Taizu ordered Xu Da to build Gubeikou

Chinese PinYin : Gu Bei Kou Zhang Cheng