Longnan Hakka enclosed house

Longnan is located in the southernmost part of Jiangxi Province, adjacent to Heping and Lianping counties in Guangdong Province, known as the "south gate of Jiangxi". It has a history of more than one thousand years since it was founded in 953 ad. it is the original residence of Fujian, Guangdong and overseas merchants. Jiangxi Guangdong Expressway, Beijing Kowloon Railway and national highway 105 are three main traffic arteries running through here. The county has a population of 300000 and a land area of 1641 square kilometers. The territory has four distinct seasons, pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and rivers, and fascinating customs. There are 99 Danxia peak forests in the magnificent xiaowudang mountain, which are like a ten mile picture scroll; the subtropical virgin forest in Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve is charming, with rare birds and animals, which enjoy the reputation of "Nanling Emerald" and "Kingdom of animals and plants"; the stele forest in jade Xianyan (Yangming Academy) reproduces the figure of Wang Yangming and other sages in preaching; the dragon's stone is the most beautiful Toutan waterfall flies straight down, which is comparable to the Sandai spring in Lushan Mountain. Tuweizi, which has a strong Hakka charm, is full of reverie In this 1600 square kilometers of land, the uncanny workmanship of nature and the long history of human culture have created many magical and beautiful natural landscapes and Hakka cultural customs. Walking into Longnan, you can feel the temperature of Hakka history. Walking into Longnan, you can roam in the green ocean Hakka enclosed house is the physical carrier of Hakka culture. It preserves the ancient customs and lifestyle of Central Plains. It is the main architectural form of ancient Hakka houses. It integrates family, ancestral temple and castle. The wall is made of green brick or granite. It is easy to defend but difficult to attack. It is very solid. Gannan is dominated by Fangwei, with its large quantity, large scale, special style and well preserved. Longnan is the largest in China, and was approved as "the county with the most Hakka enclosed houses" by Shanghai grand world Ginis on October 25, 2007. Generally, it has three to four floors. The largest one has nine buildings and eighteen halls, with granaries, wells, sewers, lawns, theatres, etc. the most representative ones are xixinwei, Yangcun yanyiwei, lirenliyuanwei, Yangcun yanyiwei and Taojiang longguangwei.

Longnan enclosure

synonym

Longnan Hakka enclosed houses generally refer to Longnan enclosed houses

Longnan enclosed houses are distributed in Longnan City, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province. There are more than 360 enclosed houses in Longnan City. Among them, the typical enclosed houses are Guanxi Xinwei, Yangcun Yanyi Wai and Liren Liyuan Wai

.

Longnan enclosed houses are Hakka dwellings with different construction times and different architectural styles

The design layout is simple before complex, and the building scale is small before large

. In terms of form, besides a large number of square enclosed houses, there are also semicircular enclosed houses, nearly circular enclosed houses, eight trigrams and irregular village enclosure. In terms of structure, there are not only Sanhe soil and river pebbles, but also green bricks and stones; in terms of volume, there are not only the largest square enclosure (Guanxi enclosure) in Longnan, Jiangxi Province, but also the smallest enclosure (lirenbaiwei). There are many titles of "so and so Wai" on the front of the gate, such as Pan'an Wai, Yan Yi Wai, long Guang Wai, etc

.

On March 9, 2018, Longnan walled house was approved by Jiangxi Provincial People's government and announced as the Sixth Batch of cultural relics protection units in Jiangxi Province

.

Historical evolution

Longnan walled houses were mostly built between the late Ming Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty. The earliest enclosed houses in Longnan City were built in Dongshui wushiwei of Yangcun village in 1611, and tianxinwei of Wudang in 1628-1644.

The enclosed houses built in the early Qing Dynasty accounted for about 30% of the total number of enclosed houses.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the number of enclosed houses was the largest, accounting for about 60% of the total, such as lirenshabawei built in the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1875-1908), wenlongyao Sanwei built in the third year of the Republic of China (1914), etc.

After the Republic of China, due to the decline of feudal autocracy and the rise of democratic civilization, traffic and society tended to be stable, bandits and clan forces were greatly weakened, and the safety of people's lives and property was guaranteed to a certain extent, so the fortress style enclosure was stopped.

Architectural features

Longnan Wai (including Longguang Wai, Shaba Wai, Wushi Wai, Xichang Wai, Yuzai Tanwei, etc.) has different architectural styles due to different construction times; the design layout is simple before complex; the building scale is small before large.

Longnan walled house is mainly square in shape, surrounded by high walls around the main house to enhance the defensive, but there are also a small number of other types of walled houses, such as xieweu Yuanwei in huangzhupi of Lintang, baguawei in lirenliyuan, wushiwei in Dongshui of Yangcun, gulongwei and xichangwei in irregular shape built with the mountain in Guanxi. Most of the houses in Longnan are built of brick and stone. The wall base is made of marbles or granite. The wall body is made of green bricks and river pebbles. Some of the houses are built with marbles. For example, longguangwei in Taojiang Township, which is called "Shiwei" by local people, is extremely strong. Most of the binders used for wall building are the mixed soil of lime, tung oil and brown sugar, which has strong viscosity and is not loose for thousands of years.

In terms of form, besides a large number of square enclosed houses, there are also semicircular enclosed houses, nearly circular enclosed houses, eight trigrams and irregular village enclosure. In terms of structure, there are not only Sanhe soil and river pebbles, but also green bricks and stones; in terms of volume, there are not only Guanxi enclosure, the largest square enclosure in Longnan, Jiangxi Province, but also lirenbaiwei, the smallest enclosure (commonly known as "cat cabinet enclosure", which is as small as a cat cage). There are many titles on the front door of the enclosure, such as pan'anwei, yanyiwei, longguangwei, etc.

Longnan walled house is a special building with high walls around the main house and turrets at the four corners. There are many gun holes on the walls and turrets, which can cross fire to form a fire net to resist the invasion of foreign enemies. It has a strong defense function. The walls are 0.5 to 2 meters thick, and can withstand heavy and light weapons. For example, yanyiwei in Yangcun was attacked by Japanese aggressor planes in 1938, and there are still bullet holes on the west wall that Japanese machine guns failed to penetrate. In order to enhance the defense function, the gates of the enclosed houses are equipped with wooden gate and thick wooden gate. Some of them are nailed with iron sheet. The gate is bolted with big wooden bar or iron bar, which is extremely strong. Yangcun Yan Wing Wai gate dry from high funnel, in order to prevent the enemy burning the door fire attack. In order to prevent the enemy from digging underground holes into the enclosure, the wall base of the enclosure is mostly made of large stones, with a depth of more than 5 meters.

In front of the wall foundation of guanxiwei, there is a 10 meter deep iron wood club plum blossom pile. It is impossible to dig a hole from the underground to attack the wall. In order to prevent the enemy from attacking from the roof, there are many poisonous triangular nails on the roofs of many enclosed houses. Yangcun dongshuiwei, shangxinwei, etc. also fill the patio of the whole enclosed house with barbed wire. Even if the enemy gets on the roof, they can't enter the enclosure.

Main buildings

overview

There are more than 360 enclosed houses in Longnan City. Among them, the typical enclosed houses are Guanxi Xinwei, Yangcun Yanyi Wai and Liren Liyuan Wai.

Guanxi Xinwei

Guanxi Xinwei, located in Guanxi Town, Longnan City, is about 25 kilometers away from the urban area. The enclosed house was built by Xu Mingjun, a famous gentleman and rich man in the town. Because Xinwei is located in Guanxi Town, it is called Guanxi Xinwei.

With an area of 7426 square meters and a building area of 11477 square meters, Xinwei in Guanxi is the Hakka square residence with the most complete preservation, the largest scale and the most complete functions in China. It is also a typical representative work of "Jiujing (building) 18 halls" in Gannan traditional residential buildings.

The walls of the enclosed house are rammed with concrete. There are four turrets at the four corners. There are many blastholes and plum blossom holes on the walls. The defense system is tight. There are 124 large and small houses in the main building, which are divided into the lower hall, the front hall, the middle hall and the upper hall, integrating the three functions of home, ancestral temple and castle.

Yan Yiwei

Yanyiwei is located under Liyu village in the center of Xuzhen Town, Yangcun Town, Longnan City. It is about 60 kilometers away from the urban area in the north. It was first built in 1650, the seventh year of Shunzhi reign in Qing Dynasty, and completed in 1677, the sixteenth year of Kangxi reign in Qing Dynasty. It was built by Lai Fuzhi, a rich man in Yangcun village.

Yan Yi is 14.3 meters high, the wall is 1.45 meters thick, 41.5 meters long and 31.8 meters wide. The external wall is thick, solid and straight, like a steep wall. The walls are full of firearm holes, and the four gun pavilions in the southeast, northwest and North echo each other, forming a firepower network without firing dead angle. There are outer iron gate, middle gate and inner wooden gate in the enclosure. As long as the enclosure door is closed, no one wants to come in. There is a rice storehouse upstairs and a well in the courtyard. According to legend, the wall is painted with glutinous rice flour, brown sugar and egg white. When there is nothing to eat, it can be peeled off and boiled. At the base of the wall, about one foot above the ground, there is a trumpet shaped funnel, which is used to drain sewage. After entering the enclosure door, we can see that the building is divided into four floors, each floor has 34 rooms, and each floor is connected by arcades. Bedrooms, warehouses, aisles, corridors, doors and windows, stairs, etc. are changeable and unified, with density, ventilation and reasonable lighting.

Long Guang Wai

Longguangwei was built in the reign of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1821-1850). The people in this area called it Shiwei. As a matter of fact, as early as the construction of the enclosed house, the ancestors had inlaid a stone plaque with the name of "longguangwei" in block letters on the lintel of the main gate. Longguangwei, whose family name is tan, was moved here from the old local house. There were 19 families and 124 people in longguangwei. It has been through nine generations.

Shaba Wai

Shabawei is located next to Longguan highway, 12.5km away from Longnan City. sand

Chinese PinYin : Long Nan Ke Jia Wei Wu