Gurbantunggut Desert

Gurbantunggut Desert

Gurbantonggut desert (also known as Junggar Basin Desert): located in the center of Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, east of Manas River and south of Wulungu River, it is also the largest fixed and semi fixed desert in China, with an area of about 48800 square kilometers. It ranks second among the eight deserts in China, with an altitude of 300-600 meters and abundant water resources.

It is composed of four deserts: the sobgur bugle desert in the west, the huojingnerizin desert in the East, the dezosoten Alison desert in the middle, and the kuobei akkum desert in the north. Junggar basin is a temperate arid desert.

geographical environment

features

As for the Gurbantonggut desert (also known as Junggar Basin Desert, which is similar to the Qaidam Basin Desert, one of the eight deserts in China), some experts commented: "there is a lot of snow in winter in the desert. After snow melting in spring, the ephemeral plants peculiar to the Gurbantonggut desert germinate and bloom rapidly. At this time, the desert is full of green grass, fresh flowers and colorful flowers, which make the desert full of vitality and poetic scenery. " "The ephemeral plant community that blooms in spring attracts the most attention. The snow scenery in winter, the flowers in spring and the green irrigation in summer all have their own characteristics."

Latitude and longitude

Latitude 44 ° 15 ′～ 46 ° 50 ′ n, longitude 84 ° 50 ′～ 91 ° 20 ′ E. Located in the northern foot of Tianshan economic belt.

precipitation

The annual precipitation is 70-150 mm. Most of the deserts are fixed and semi fixed dunes, accounting for 97% of the total desert area, forming the largest fixed and semi fixed desert in China. The vegetation coverage of fixed dunes is 40-50%, and that of semi fixed dunes is 15-25%. It is an excellent winter pasture. There are more than 100 species of plants in the desert. The floristic composition is in the transition from Central Asia to desert in Central Asia.

air temperature

It's hot in summer. The extreme high temperature can reach more than 40 degrees. Winter is cold and long. The extreme low temperature can reach below - 40 ℃. For five months, the average temperature was below zero. The average temperature in January is - 15 - 20 degrees. The average temperature in July is 23-26 degrees. It is 26-28 degrees near Karamay. The annual average temperature is 5-7 degrees in the South and 3-5 degrees in the north. The average daily temperature difference is about 15 degrees.

Botany

In the West and central part of the desert, the species of desert vegetation flora in Central Asia are dominant, and widely distributed in Haloxylon ammodendron, Haloxylon ammodendron, Artemisia ordosica, Artemisia sphaerocephala, ephedra, Carex sachalinensis and a variety of ephemeral plants; in the west edge of the desert, there is Haloxylon ammodendron Forest Nature Reserve in Ganjiahu, which is the only nature reserve established to protect desert vegetation in China, covering an area of more than 1000 hectares. The distribution area of Haloxylon ammodendron in Gurbantunggut Desert is up to 1 million hectares, forming a "desert jungle" on the ancient lacustrine plain and the delta downstream of the river.

Desert type

The sand grains in the desert mainly come from the alluvial sand layers of the rivers in the Northern Piedmont of Tianshan Mountain. The most representative dune type in desert is sand dune, which accounts for more than 50% of desert area. The plane shape of sand ridges is dendritic. Its length ranges from several hundred meters to more than ten kilometers, its height ranges from 10 to 50 meters, and its height is higher in the South than in the north. In the middle and north of the desert, the sand ridges are arranged in a north-south direction, and in the southeast of the desert, they are in a northwest southeast direction.

origin

Cause of formation

Deforestation

The two main causes of desert formation are drought and wind. In addition, people deforest forests and trees, destroy grasslands, so that the surface of the land lost the cover of plants, thus forming a desert. In addition to the arid climate, deforestation and grassland destruction, there are also abundant desert material sources, which are mainly distributed in inland Intermountain basins with abundant sediments and depressions and lowlands on denuded plateau.

Other substances

The source of sand is fine material from ancient or modern sediments. For example, the sand in the Taklimakan Desert in China is derived from Ancient Fluvial Deposits; most of the sand in the Tengger Desert, Maowusu Desert and xiaotengger desert is derived from ancient and modern fluvial deposits and lacustrine deposits; the deserts in the middle reaches of the Tarim River and the lower reaches of the sliding dry river in the southwest of Korla are derived from modern fluvial deposits; and the sand dunes in the Ulanbuhe desert and the areas in front of Helan Mountain and Langshan Bayinwula mountain The sand dunes in the central and western highlands of Ordos are derived from the residual sediments of bedrock weathering.

resource development

development

Different from the Taklimakan Desert, it is not a mobile sand mountain without any grass, but a fixed and semi fixed sand dune with Haloxylon ammodendron, red willow and Populus euphratica growing on the sand dune. There are abundant oil resources under the desert. On the left side of the road are the mining faces of Cainan Oilfield, which is the first million ton automated desert integrated oilfield put into development in China.

Junggar basin is a temperate arid desert. The air flows in from the gap in the west of Junggar basin. It makes the Gurbantunggut Desert more humid, with annual precipitation of 70-150 mm and snow cover in winter. The precipitation is more in spring and early summer, and more evenly distributed in the middle of the year.

Sand dunes

Most of the deserts are fixed and semi fixed dunes, accounting for 97% of the total desert area. It forms the largest fixed and semi fixed desert in China. The vegetation coverage of the fixed dunes is 40-50%, and that of the semi fixed dunes is 15-25%. In addition to the buried ancient alluvial plain and ancient river lake plain, there is a huge thickness of Quaternary loose sediment with light confined water. Although Gurbantonggut is known as a desert, it is also full of vitality, with more than 300 species of plants.

Widely distributed

Wind blown sandy soil is widely distributed in desert. Gray brown desert soil developed on the plain of the southern edge of the desert, which has been largely reclaimed since 1949. The natural vegetation is destroyed by human activities, resulting in the resurgence of quicksand and the damage of wind sand on the edge of desert. In the northwest of Junggar basin, there are large salt mines with an annual output of 400000 tons of crude salt.

The farming and pastures in the reclamation area are distributed in the southern edge of the desert. The green desert passage starts from Wujiaqu. The east line goes out of the oasis from company 17 of 102tuanchang, and the west line goes into the desert through company 14 of 103tuanchang. It is about 60km long and ends at Haizi and baijiahaizi, the east roads of Lop Nor in Junggar basin. On this passage, oasis and desert crisscross, forming a unique natural and cultural landscape. On the one hand, there are Populus euphratica, Haloxylon ammodendron and yellow sheep, which are ancient natural ecology; on the other hand, there are mechanized farming, electric well and sprinkler irrigation, which are modern oasis civilization. On the one hand, the sand dunes are long and quiet, and life is rare; on the other hand, there are green waves, singing and laughing, full of vitality.

Death competition

Animals in Gurbantunggut Desert

The competition between life and death, green wave and yellow sand interweave, modern and primitive coexist. It is an ideal place for sightseeing and investigation of natural ecology and artificial ecology. There are endless sand sea and yellow waves, Haloxylon ammodendron forest and green island scenery with red willows in full bloom; there are various mirages, various kinds of wind erosion landform shapes; there are quiet pictures of the wind and the sun, Huangyang roaming and goshawk low whirling; there are thrilling scenes of strong wind, flying sand and rocks, dark sky. At noon, the yellow sand is hot, which can warm the eggs; at night, the cold is like entering winter. Desert exploration can continue northward from Haizi, the East Road, and cross the hinterland of gurbantong desert along the ancient Tuo Road to Altay.

The vast desert oasis not only has various wonders, but also retains a large number of precious cultural relics of the ancient "Silk Road". Beitingdu Hufu site (south of Hongqi farm), tudunzi mosque, beacon tower, Maqiao ancient city, Xiquan smelting site, 103 Tuancheng xinquchengzi site, 105 Tuancheng Toudaogou ancient city site are all near this passage.

Land hazards

The destruction of land resources will reduce the area of land available for agriculture and animal husbandry, the degradation of land breeding capacity, the decrease of plant biomass, the decrease of land carrying capacity, and the decrease of crop yield per unit area. Desertification has caused serious losses to agriculture, animal husbandry and people's living property in many countries and regions.

Desert management

Afforestation

It is divided into the following steps:

1. Geographical survey

2. Geological exploration

3. Land leveling

4. Design governance method

5. Building dike wall

6. Laying soil

7. Burying water pipes

8. Lay mud on the water pipe

9. Planting plants

10. Building houses and basements

Ghost city

introduce

Ghost city

In the southwest of the desert, there are sand ridges honeycomb dunes and honeycomb dunes. In the south, there are a few tall complex sand ridges. Mobile dunes are concentrated in the east of the desert, and most of them are crescent dunes and dune chains. In the west of the desert, the wind erosion landform develops abnormally near some wind outlets, among which Wuerhe is the most famous "wind city".

Geography

Ghost city is also known as Wuerhe wind city. Wuerhe mining area in the lower reaches of Jiamu River, located in the northwest edge of Junggar basin, Xinjiang, is 85 ° 19 ′ e, 46 ° 6 ′ n (east of 217 National Highway 310 km), and 100 km away from Karamay City in the southwest. There is a unique wind erosion landform with strange shape. The Mongolian people call this city "sulumkhak", and the Kazakh people call it "shayitankerxi", which means the ghost city.

devil

Chinese PinYin : Gu Er Ban Tong Gu Te Sha Mo