Qimu que

Qimu que is located at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, two kilometers away from the county seat. In 1961, the State Council of the people's Republic of China announced it as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Qimu pagoda is the Shinto Pagoda in front of Qimu temple, which is called "Three Pagodas of Han Dynasty in Zhongyue" together with Taishi pagoda and Shaoshi pagoda. There is a cracked boulder 190 meters to the north of the que, which is the Qimu stone. According to the document Huainanzi, in ancient times, Dayu was ordered to control the overflowing River, but he didn't enter three times. His wife Tushan turned into a boulder, and the boulder broke from the north. When Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty visited Mount Song, he built Qimu temple for this stone. In 123, Yingchuan Taishou Zhu Chong built a Shinto Que in front of Qimu temple, which is Qimu que. In the Han Dynasty, it was renamed Kaimu temple and KAIMU lake to avoid the taboo of emperor Liu Qi. Qimu que is the most seriously damaged of the three Que in the middle Yue and Han Dynasties. The West que is 3.17 meters high and the East que is 3.18 meters high. The distance between the two que is 6.80 meters. The overall structure is the same as that of Taishi que. The top of the pagoda has been partially lost. The body of the que is built with rectangular stones, on which there are long small seal inscriptions, recording the story of Xia Yu and his father's flood control. The font is strong and elegant. It is a masterpiece of Han Dynasty calligraphy, and has been paid attention to by scholars at home and abroad. At the lower part of the que is the inscription on rain written by Tang Xi Dian, Zhonglang general in the fourth year of Jiaping (175) of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The script is official script, but most of it has been peeled off. Around the body of the que, there are more than 60 historical portraits of banquets, chariots and horses, Baixi, Cuju, elephant training, chicken fighting, rabbit hunting, tiger chasing deer, Dayu Huaxiong, Guoju burying ER and so on. Among them, Cuju depicts a woman with a high-profile head, jumping up on her feet and playing football. The dancing long sleeves flutter lightly, and the woman stands on both sides, accompanied by drums, It reproduces the real scene of Cuju in Han Dynasty.

Qimu que

Qimu que, also known as Kaimu que, is located at the foot of Wansui peak at the south foot of Taishi mountain in Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. It is the Shinto Que in front of Qimu temple. It was built by Zhu Chong, the governor of Yingchuan in the second year of Yanguang (123) of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Together with Taishi Que and Shaoshi que, it is called "Zhongyue three que of Han Dynasty".

Qimu que is carved and built with chiseled stones. It is divided into two parts, East and West. The existing height is 3.17 meters. In the north of the West que, there are two que inscriptions, one is Qimu que inscription, seal script, and the other is Yuming, written under Qimu que inscription, Lishu, Tangxi Dian. The body of the que is carved with horse skills, riding, acrobatics, magic, elephant training, Guo jumier, Xia Yuhua bear, Guo Xiama, hunting, tiger chasing deer, Shuangjiao, Moon Palace, Cuju, etc., and the top of the que is carved with building components such as tile ridge, tile, slate tile, Chuiji, etc. The carving art of qimuque has high historical, artistic and scientific value, and occupies an important position in the history of gold and stone carving in the world history. The shape of the building components carved on the top of the que provides a physical basis for the study of Han Dynasty architecture.

On March 4, 1961, Qimu que was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council of the people's Republic of China

On August 1, 2010, the historical building complex of "heaven and earth" in Dengfeng, including Qimu que, was listed as a world cultural heritage.

Historical evolution

There is a huge cracked stone 190 meters north of qimuque, which is called qimuque. According to Huainanzi, Dayu's wife, Tu Shanshi, turned into a huge stone after he passed through his family three times to control the flood.

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty visited Mount Song, he built a temple for Qimu stone, which is Qimu temple.

In 123, Yingchuan Taishou Zhu Chong built a Shinto Que in front of Qimu temple, which is Qimu que

. In the Han Dynasty, it was renamed Kaimu temple and Kaimu que because of avoiding the taboo of emperor Liu Qi.

During the "Cultural Revolution", the shaoshique in the sanque of Han Dynasty was destroyed. In addition, the area of the protected houses was small and the roof was in disrepair for a long time, so the sanque was eroded to varying degrees.

Architectural features

Carving techniques

Qimu que uses the arc lines of yin and Yang in its carving techniques. The combination of virtual and real images enhances the effect of rotation, and highlights the moment when Xiayu wants to change. It gives people a magical feeling of unpredictable. This attempt in carving techniques can be said to be the bold creation of artists in the Han Dynasty in depicting dynamic images.

 

The art of calligraphy

Qimuque inscription is a well preserved one of Zhongyue sanque inscriptions. It is not like the seal script of Qin Dynasty or Western Han Dynasty, which has a long square fold and is as strong as a cone. It is also different from Yuan'an's stele, but it is round and plump, and the structure tends to be square and dense, which is more stable than the early seal script.

 

Cultural relics

The structure of Qimu que is the same as that of Taishi que, which is a pair of double son mother que. The existing height of the West que is 3.17 meters, the existing height of the East que is 3.18 meters, and the distance between the gates is 6.8 meters. The foundation of Xique is a two-layer rectangular slab, and the lower slab is large and thin. The body of the que is built vertically on the base of the que with rectangular stones. There are 7 layers in total, with a total height of 2.75 meters. Each layer uses 2-3 stones. The stones on the top are carved in the shape of a bucket, supporting the top of the Que and connecting it with the ridge of the que body at an oblique angle. The top of the pagoda was badly damaged. The remaining part was carved as si'a ding on the east side of the upper part of the pagoda. The upper part of the top is carved with tile ridges and vertical ridges, the four sides are carved with persimmon pattern tiles and board tiles, and the lower part is carved with imitation rafters. The main ridge of Que Ding has been destroyed.

There are two inscriptions on Qimu que, both in the north of Xique. On one side is the inscription of Qimu que, on the other side is the inscription of inviting rain in Tangxi diansong temple. Qimu Temple que inscription, seal script, the content is divided into two parts, the first 12 Acts title, full line 7 words; the last 24 acts four character ode and imitation of Chu style Fu, full line 12 words. In the former part of Que Ming, he recalled a shocking flood in ancient China, in which he lost his life because of the failure of using the method of blocking; Yu learned a lesson and used the method of dredging the river for flood discharge, and finally succeeded. Praise the precious spirit of conquering the flood three times, and with the passage of time and the unification of Qin Dynasty, Yu and his deeds gradually disappeared. In the latter part, the holy virtues of the Han Dynasty were widely spread all over the world, where temples were set up to offer sacrifices to the gods. The God's spirit showed all kinds of auspicious omens, which protected the common people in good weather. Therefore, a que was set up to engrave inscriptions, so that the glorious achievements could be passed on to all generations.

Tangxi Dian song Temple please rain inscription, in Qimu que inscription, the Eastern Han Dynasty Xiping four years (175 years) engraved. Lishu, 18 lines, 5 words. The first six lines have been destroyed, and they do not exist after "what can he say". There are 11 lines, 55 words in total.

There are more than 70 reliefs of figures, illusions, riding, fighting chickens, taming elephants, spitting fire, visiting, handstand, drinking banquet, riyuxihe, Qimu fossil, xiayuhuaxiong, guojumieer, Yuegong, Jiaolong Chuanhuan, dog chasing rabbit, guoxiama, Cuju, hedaoyu, hupulu, kongjiazhulong, etc

 

. One of the Cuju pictures depicts a woman with a high head and a high fashion, jumping up on both feet and playing football. The dancing long sleeves are light and fluttering, and the woman stands on both sides with a drum accompaniment, which reproduces the real scene of Cuju in the Han Dynasty.

 

History and culture

Cultural connotation

Que is built in front of the city gate, tomb gate, palace gate and temple gate. The two que are used as roads. According to the book of songs, this kind of building existed as early as the Zhou Dynasty. Que is a symbolic gate. Que is divided into city que, tomb que, palace que, temple Que and so on. Temple que is also called Shendao que. Que consists of Que base, que body and que top.

 

Myths and legends

Qimu que is the Shinto que of Qimu temple in Han Dynasty, which tells the myth of Qimu stone.

There is a huge cracked stone in the north of Qimu que. The myth of Qimu stone is recorded in the pre Qin Sui Chao Zi and the ancient Han Huai Nan Zi. According to the lost article of suichaozi quoted in volume 12 of Yishi, Yu married tushannu, governed Hongshui, connected fuyuanguan and turned into a bear. When Tu Shan saw it, he was ashamed to leave and turned into a stone at the foot of Song Mountain. Yu said, "my son!" The stone breaks through the north and opens up. "

Because of the spread of Qimu stone myth, Qimu temple was built beside the stone in Han Dynasty to worship the statue of Yu's wife Qimu.

 

Lu Xun's drawing

In Lu Xun's manuscripts about Han Dynasty portraits, there are six Han Dynasty portraits drawn by Lu Xun, two of which are respectively "to the south of the East Que" and "to the north of the West Que", which are the Qimu Que in Song Mountain of Dengfeng, Henan Province.

 

Cultural relic value

The three palaces of the Han Dynasty are exquisitely carved. The historical pictures and living scenes vividly recorded on them reflect the irreplaceable artistic, architectural and historical values. They are precious materials for the study of architectural history, art history and social history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han sanque is the ancient capital built in the middle of heaven and earth. The site selection of Dengfeng proves the belief of early human beings in the middle of heaven and earth.

 

Qimu que, with a special architectural form and artistic content, represents a tradition in China's thousands of years of history -- ancestor worship. This tradition is a basic concept and criterion of Chinese consanguinity politics, family relations and ethics. It is also one of the models of sacrificial architecture in ancient China.

 

The carving art of qimuque has a high historical and artistic value

Chinese PinYin : Qi Mu Que