Longwan National Nature Reserve

Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve

synonym

Longwan National Nature Reserve generally refers to Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve

Longwan National Nature Reserve is located in the middle of Longgang mountain range at the northern foot of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province and Huinan County in Tonghua city. It is bounded by Longgang mountain ridge in the East and south, adjacent to Jingyu and Liuhe counties, bordered by Huinan Forest Management Bureau in the West and North, peaked at Jiguan mountain in the southeast, and flanked by north-south and east-west Longgang mountains. The geographical coordinates are 126 ° 13 ′ 55 ″ - 126 ° 32 ′ 02 ″ E and 42 ° 16 ′ 20 ″ - 42 ° 26 ′ 57 ″ n. It was established in 1991 and promoted to National Nature Reserve in 2003. The key protection objects are the wetland ecosystem based on volcanic landforms, a variety of biological species and ecological environment.

Historical evolution

In 1992, the nature reserve was established with the approval of the Ministry of forestry of the people's Republic of China, covering a total area of 8102 hectares.

On June 6, 2003, the general office of the State Council issued a notice on the construction of Longwan National Nature Reserve, and Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve Administration was officially established.

On September 29, 2003, the establishment and listing ceremony of Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve was held in Dalongwan.

On August 10, 2005, Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve passed the inspection and acceptance of the national science popularization base

On October 14, 2005, Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve was accepted as a member of China biosphere reserve network

In 2005, it passed ISO9000 quality management system and ISO14000 environmental management system certification.

On May 10, 2006, the opening ceremony of Jilin Longwan national AAAA Forest Park was solemnly opened in Dalongwan.

On July 29, 2009, Longwan drifting project was put into trial operation.

geographical environment

Location context

Jilin Longwan National Nature Reserve is located in the middle of Longgang mountain range at the northern foot of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province and Huinan County, Tonghua city. It is bounded by Longgang mountain ridge in the East and south, adjacent to Jingyu and Liuhe counties, bordered by Huinan Forest Management Bureau in the West and North, peaked at Jiguan mountain in the southeast, and flanked by Longgang mountain range in the north-south and east-west directions. The total area of the reserve is 15061 hectares.

climatic conditions

This area belongs to the north temperate continental monsoon climate. It has four distinct seasons: strong wind and drought in spring, hot and humid in summer, mild and cool in autumn, long and cold in winter. The annual average temperature is 4.1 ℃, the maximum average temperature is 5.1 ℃, the minimum annual average temperature is 3.1 ℃, the maximum average temperature in July is 22.4 ℃, the minimum average temperature in January is - 18 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 35.2 ℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is - 43.3 ℃. The annual average precipitation is 704.2 mm, the annual maximum precipitation is 1020.7 mm, and the minimum is 436.5 mm. The precipitation time distribution is significantly affected by the climate. The summer precipitation is the most concentrated, accounting for 61% of the annual precipitation, and the winter precipitation is the least. The annual average illumination is 2550 hours, the frost free period is 110-120 days, and the annual average evaporation is 1276.1 mm.

geological structure

Longwan is a low level crater lake formed by explosive eruption of volcanic basaltic materials in paleogeological age. Geologically, it is called Maar Lake. From the late Early Pleistocene to the early Middle Pleistocene, the volcanic movement in this area was frequent and intense, forming the unique volcanic landform and many crater lakes and volcanic cones in Longgang mountains. It is the most densely distributed Crater Lake Group in China and the most typical Maar Lake Group in the world.

This area belongs to the type of wetland ecosystem formed on the basis of volcanic landform. About 600000 years ago, many crater lakes were formed by frequent and violent volcanic activities. The crater lake group wetland formed by volcanic eruption has constructed the wetland landscape of this area. Its unique ecological structure and ecosystem have typical representative significance in biodiversity protection. Various crater landforms formed by volcanic activities in Longwan nature reserve provide superior natural conditions for the formation and development of swamp wetlands. Because of the different sizes, shapes, types, water depths and development of these lakes, they have become a rare special type of wetland distribution areas in China.

landforms

Jiguanshan, the southeastern part of the nature reserve, is 1233.3m above sea level, which is the highest in the region. The northwest and southwest parts of the nature reserve are relatively low. The lowest part is located in Houhe village, which is 449m above sea level. Tectonically, the area is located in the northern margin of the Sino Korean paraplatform, the middle part of the Tieling Jingyu uplift, the northern part of which is adjacent to the maomaoshao sanyuanpu fault depression, the southern part of which is adjacent to the Hunjiang fault depression, and the central part of which is the Longgang ancient land composed of the Archean Anshan Group.

The volcanoes in Longgang Volcanic Group are generally distributed along NWW or nearly EW direction, and the development of volcanic landform is a major feature of this area. Many volcanic eruptions have taken place in this area since the late Tertiary, forming volcanic cones, volcanic lakes, lava valleys and platforms. It is these diverse volcanic landforms that provide the basis for the development of forests and wetlands. The forest was originally a zonal Korean pine coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. Due to the influence of long-term human activities, the number of primary forests is limited, and most of them are secondary forests. There are coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests at the top of Jiguan mountain and Jinlongdingzi mountain, and summer green mixed forest and Mongolian oak forest are distributed in most of the hilly slopes. There are water lake forest in the valley, birch forest in the sunny slope and fir forest in the shady slope. The area of swamp and wetland is 3156 hectares, accounting for 21% of the total area; the water area is 286.4 hectares, accounting for 1.8% of the total area There are many types of wetlands, including modern Huokou Lake wetland, Huokou lake after a long period of swamping process, the lake disappeared and all became swamps, some formed after hundreds of years, thousands of years and even more than ten thousand years of geological age, and some formed by basalt lava, lava platform and other depressions due to poor drainage .

In addition, there are also marshes formed by mountain floodplain and over wet surface all the year round; some craters accumulate water to form lakes, forming "Longwan", which constitutes an important ecological landscape element in this area. Some Huokou lake formed a unique swamp after a long period of swamp succession, commonly known as "hanlongwan". In the low-lying areas of lava Valley and lava platform, due to poor drainage, the soil water is supersaturated or the surface water is accumulated, forming a large area of swamp wetland. Volcano Forest Wetland landscape elements are organically combined through the link of material migration to form a unique ecological series, which is the material basis for the sustainable development of ecological economy in the nature reserve.

soil

Longwan nature reserve is located in the northern foot of Changbai Mountain. The zonal soil is dark brown soil. Due to the terrain and hydrogeological conditions, especially volcanic eruption, the soil types such as cataplasm soil, swamp soil and meadow soil are still developed in this area.

Dark brown soil: it is the largest soil type in the reserve, distributed in the area between 800-1200 meters above sea level, the middle layer is about 30-50 cm thick, the lower layer is mostly brown gravel breccia eluvium, and the lower part is rock fragments.

Albic Soil: distributed on flat lava platform and valley terrace. The parent material of albic soil is relatively simple, mainly quaternary alluvium, with heavy texture and poor transparency.

Swamp soil: it is divided into peat swamp soil and peat soil. Peat swamp soil is mainly distributed under Fraxinus mandshurica Carex trees in the southwest gully, and is distributed in a strip along the valley bottom. Peat soil is mainly distributed in the low-lying areas of Dadianzi and Houhe lava valleys in Jinchuan, showing island or belt distribution.

Meadow soil: distributed in flood areas of rivers, divided into humus layer and parent material layer, showing weak acidity.

Scope of protection

The total area of the reserve is 15061 hectares, including 5678.0 hectares of core area, 5016.0 hectares of buffer area and 4367.0 hectares of experimental area. The reserve contains six of the eight crater lakes (Longwan) in the area, including Donglong Bay, Nanlong Bay, delongwan, Dalong Bay, Xiaolong Bay and Erlong Bay, among which delongwan and Dalong Bay are the most famous.

Protection target

Longwan National Nature Reserve belongs to the category of natural ecosystem. The key protection objects are the wetland ecosystem based on volcanic landforms and a variety of biological species and their natural ecological environment.

Protection of wetland ecosystem based on volcanic landforms

The Longgang Volcanic Group has many eruptive periods, cycles and shapes, which makes the volcanic landform complex. Among them, there are a large number of crater lakes (a total of 8 crater lakes, 6 of which are in the nature reserve), which are distributed intensively and occupy the first place in China, and are also the most densely distributed crater lakes in the world. The crater lake group wetland formed by volcanic eruption has constructed a unique wetland landscape. Its unique ecological structure and ecosystem have typical representative significance in biodiversity protection.

Biological protection

Chinese PinYin : Long Wan Guo Jia Zi Ran Bao Hu Qu