Shijia Hutong

Shijia Hutong

Shijia hutong is located in Dongcheng District of Beijing. Chaoneinan street in the East, Dongsi South Street in the west, dongluoquan Hutong and xiluoquan Hutong in the South and neiwubu street in the north are under the jurisdiction of Chaoyangmen sub district office. The Hutong belongs to Beijing, and the famous scenic spot has shikefa ancestral hall.

Historical evolution

development

Shijia Hutong

In the Ming Dynasty, it belonged to huanghuafang and in the Qing Dynasty, it belonged to inlaid white flag. Jinghua and Guanxue compound were merged. In the "Cultural Revolution", it was once renamed Ruijin road 18, and then it was restored to its original name.

There are many neat long hutongs juxtaposed between Dongsi and Dongdan. As for the origin of the name of Hutong, it is generally said that because there is a historical ancestral hall in the Hutong, its address is now Shijia Hutong primary school.

However, when we look at the time, it is wrong. As early as the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, in the collection of lanes and alleys in five cities of the capital, "Shijia Hutong" is very prominent, and shikefa became a well-known national hero at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

In view of the custom that ancestral temples are sometimes built on the basis of former residences, it is possible to take the place name of shikefa's ancestors' residence unless shikefa's family is a big family with a history of 100 years, otherwise it is likely to be another family with the surname of Shi. This needs to be verified by experts.

From the Ming Dynasty through the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China to today, the name of Shijia Hutong has not changed (excluding the "18 red sun roads" in the "Cultural Revolution"). At that time, almost all the place names in Beijing were changed to revolutionary names, which shows that the stability of their names is quite strong.

examination room

At the beginning of the 20th century, historians' hutongs attracted attention in the intellectual circles because they once set up examination rooms to admit students to study in the United States.

During this period, the humiliation of imperialism and the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government stimulated young students' enthusiasm to learn from advanced industrial countries, and patriotic students flocked to Japan and the United States. The Qing government was annoyed by the fact that most of the young people studying in Japan were engaged in anti Qing activities after they returned home. In addition to the containment of Chinese students by Japan and the relaxation of restrictions on studying in the United States, the Qing government turned the channel of going abroad from Japan to the United States.

In May 1909, the Qing government formulated the "outline of measures for sending overseas students", which explicitly stipulated that students to the United States should mainly study industry: "eight tenths of them study agriculture, industry, commerce and mining. To study law and politics, finance and normal education with two tenths. "

This is the beginning of China's road of "saving the country through industry". Organizationally, it is composed of officials from the Ministry of foreign affairs and the Ministry of education, who are responsible for the selection, management, dispatch and liaison of examinations. The academic affairs office first worked in houwei alley, and then in Shijia alley. Naturally, the examination room was also set up in Shijia alley, where examinees could see their grades.

On April 8 of that year, the first group of 630 candidates took the exam, and 47 were admitted. In July of the next year, the second group of more than 400 people took the exam. The examination is divided into two sessions. The first one is on the morning of the 21st. It's a Chinese language test and a composition. The title is "no rules, no rules, no rules". It's an essay. The title of the composition is "the advantages and disadvantages of building domestic railway with foreign debt". After passing the Chinese and English examinations, they are allowed to take part in the second one five days later. The examination covers a total of three days, including plane geometry, Greek history, Roman history, German or French, physics, botany, zoology, physiology, chemistry, trigonometry, solid geometry, English history, world geography, Latin, etc.

70 people were admitted to the examination.

The third time was in June 1911, when 63 people were admitted. This is also the last batch. Since then, the government has no longer organized examinations, but Tsinghua University has selected students to study in the United States.

live

According to the old residents, Liu Fucheng, chairman of the Bank of China and France in the late Qing Dynasty, and Sai Jinhua (Fu Caiyun), a famous prostitute, all had houses in this alley. Courtyard 51 in Hutong is the former residence of Mr. Zhang Shizhao. After the revolution of 1911, Zhang Shizhao served as the director general of education. In 1949, he participated in the peace talks in Peking as a member of the delegation of the Kuomintang government in Nanjing. Because the Kuomintang government refused to sign a domestic peace agreement, he came to Hong Kong. Later, he returned to Beijing to attend the first session of the CPPCC National Committee, and then his family came to Beijing. He began to live in Zhu Qiqian's family in batiao, Dongsi. Because of their large population, they lived in a crowded place. When Premier Zhou Enlai visited Zhang Shizhao in 1959, he found this problem and personally came forward to solve Zhang's housing problem. Mrs. Zhang chose courtyard 51 of Shijia Hutong, which is a three entry courtyard. Zhang Shizhao thought that the family was too big to live in, so he divided the third in and out. After his death, Zhang Shizhao was living in his family. In 1984, it was designated as a cultural relic protection unit in Dongcheng District. There are brick carvings and Prince's poems on the screen wall of the gate and couplets on both sides.

At the beginning of the liberation of new China, the family of general Fu Zuoyi, as Minister of water resources, and some staff of water conservancy departments once lived in No. 32 courtyard of Shijia Hutong, recording the love between the patriotic general and Shijia Hutong.

Zhang Shizhao

Zhang Shizhao, known as "Mao Zedong's teacher and friend", once lived in No. 51 of Shijia Hutong

No. 51 of Shijia hutong is a typical official residence style courtyard. There are two thick red painted gates in the deep gate of the courtyard. This is the former residence of Zhang Shizhao. Courtyard 51, Shijia Hutong. This is a grand and solemn courtyard with three courtyards, the front, the middle and the back. The middle courtyard is the main courtyard, the North-South double facing house between the front courtyard and the middle courtyard is the hall, and there is a side courtyard in the East. Zhang Shizhao thought that it was too big for the family to live in such a large courtyard, so he separated the third one from the other. Premier Zhou solemnly told Zhang Shizhao that he had asked Chairman Mao for instructions. The house was given to him and he was grateful for his help and cooperation with the Communist Party. It turned out that in the summer of 1920, Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen asked Zhang Shizhao for help for the lack of travel expenses for Hunan work study students. Zhang Shizhao was very supportive and immediately raised a sum of money to support the students. Later, part of the money was used for the travel expenses of students studying in France, and the rest was carried back to Hunan by Mao Zedong as the funds for carrying out revolutionary work. In 1960, Zhang Shizhao and his family moved into Shijia Hutong.

Zhang Hanzhi

Ms. Zhang Hanzhi's book "crossing the thick red gate" records many little-known stories of her in No. 51 Shijia Hutong. Ms. Zhang's deep attachment to No. 51 of Shijia hutong is melted between the lines, which is very touching.

In Ms. Zhang's works, No. 51 of Shijia hutong is such a warm and lovely courtyard. She wrote: "I was just 25 years old when I moved into this old courtyard with my parents in 1960. At that time, the trees in the front and back yards were newly planted. Later, the banyan trees in the front yard grew very fast and became overcast in two or three years. Later, the pink, hairy flowers of the banyan covered the top of the tree. These flowers can last for a whole summer. Every day when the sun sets, they begin to give off a refreshing fragrance. For 40 years, the fragrance has been the fragrance of home. Whenever I step into this courtyard, whether I am happy or depressed at that time, the fragrance will make me feel the warmth of home. "

What is this elegant and warm little yard like? A chance brought me into this courtyard. Push open the thick red door, face is a common screen wall, screen wall is white, against the frame is still green towel gourd, a feeling of Paradise arises spontaneously. Next to the screen wall is a neat house, with wooden green partition windows and gray brick walls. From the location of the house, I infer that it will be the Zhang family's reception room? I remember Ms. Zhang said in her book that her love with Qiao Guanhua once happened here. In May 1973, the Administration Bureau of the State Council overhauled the courtyard. Zhang Hanzhi temporarily moved to the front courtyard. At that time, she and Qiao Guanhua were in love. They had a cup of tea in the reception room full of furniture and sundries and had a long talk. They transcended the age gap, the disparity of official positions and reached a complete emotional integration. Ms. Zhang still often recalls those innocent moments in the simple, crowded front yard hut.

I walked around the screen wall and through a short corridor to the central courtyard, which was very spacious. In such a late autumn season, the leaves on the tree have fallen off, leaving only thick branches. After Qiao Guanhua married Zhang Hanzhi in 1973, he gave up his newly decorated residence at 55 Shijia Hutong and moved to 51 to start a sweet life with Zhang Hanzhi. I remember that Ms. Zhang often recalled in her book: "from early summer to late autumn, we often take a walk under the moon at night. After a long time, Guanhua calculated that it is 80 steps to walk around the yard. In the silver moonlight, Guan Hua is almost a completely different person from the day. He did not have the momentum of eloquence, his face often has a touch of sadness. I often think that I don't know how many people in the world can really understand his heart However, how many people have seen Qiao Guanhua in the clear moonlight? He was so quiet, so soft, and so sad. Qiao Guanhua at this time, only this deep courtyard with me to accompany him, listening to his heart sigh Now I think this touching text is not Zhenghe

Chinese PinYin : Shi Jia Hu Tong