Fushougou

Fushougou

Fushougou, located in the underground of Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, is a large-scale ancient brick and stone drainage system. Fushougou uses the elevation difference to connect the flood storage system of the pit and pond in the city, and leads to the water window at the city wall; it uses one-way water window to block the flood of Ganjiang River, and discharges the flood to Ganjiang River when the flood subsides.

According to the street layout and terrain characteristics, fushougou adopts the principle of partition drainage and builds two drainage trunk systems. Because the direction of the two ditches is similar to the two characters of "Fu" and "Shou" in seal script, it is named "fushougou". Although it has experienced more than 900 years of wind and rain, it is still intact and unblocked, and continues to be the main channel for Ganzhou residents to discharge sewage.

On October 7, 2019, fushougou was announced by the State Council of the people's Republic of China as the eighth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

Historical evolution

The establishment of fushougou should be earlier than the Xining period of the Northern Song Dynasty. According to Jiajing's Ganzhou Fu Zhi, Volume 5, creation, "in Song Xining, Zhizhou Liu Yi Mou set up a water window", Fushou Valley existed in Northern Song Xining. Later, it was renovated by the repair and dredging of the past dynasties. The most recent overhaul lasted for ten years from 1953 to 1963. Tens of thousands of wall bricks with inscriptions from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty were used in this renovation.

According to the records of Ganzhou Prefecture, during the reign of Tianqi in the Ming Dynasty, due to the fact that the houses occupied the ditches, "the watercourses were flooded and lost. When it rained heavily every year, the streets and roads in the East and north of the city were overflowing, and the houses and bamboos were marshes, so there was nothing to drain." It shows that several hundred years after the construction of fushougou, because the drainage system was damaged by buildings, Ganzhou also experienced waterlogging. It was not until the eighth year of tongzhi (1869) of the Qing Dynasty, under the promotion of Wei Ying, the local official, that the problem of waterlogging was solved again.

On August 22, 2016, Premier Li Keqiang visited fushougou and praised fushougou for flood control and drainage, benefiting the people and prolonging their life.

Architectural features

Fushou ditch is a brick arch structure with copper coin shaped drainage holes on the top. According to the survey, the maximum width and height of the existing drainage hole are 1 m and 1.6 m respectively, and the minimum width and depth are 0.6 m respectively, which are basically consistent with the records in the local records.

After three hours of ventilation, putting on a raincoat that looks like a pregnant woman's clothes, and walking down the bamboo ladder more than 2 meters high, we finally saw the sewer Fushou ditch, which was more than 900 years ago. By the light of the helmet, there is an endless brick passage ahead. The air smelled bad, like the smell of garbage mixed in the stagnant pond that had not been dredged for many years.

Walking knee deep in groundwater and mud, one can only walk forward with a cat's waist. Fortunately, she did not meet the witness's description of "water snakes spitting letters and rats in droves". Of course, she was not as lucky as a municipal worker master. She once found gold jewelry hidden by the ancients in a crack in the brick. Occasionally, there are several blue bricks carved with concentric circles or well shapes, which are identified by experts as Tang dynasty pattern bricks.

The corresponding area on the ground is an ancient Lane called yaoyaqian, which generally retains the pattern of Song Dynasty and is scattered with houses of all dynasties. When asked why the old city is not flooded, the old people say that Ganzhou is a floating city, and it is Turtle shaped. The head of the turtle is in the south of the city, and the tail of the turtle is in the north of the city, so no matter how the river rises, Ganzhou City can float with it.

In modern times, if the slope of the sewer is not enough, pumps are generally used. Fushou gully makes full use of the elevation difference of the urban terrain and adopts the method of natural flow, so that the urban rainwater and sewage are naturally discharged into the river.

However, every rainy season, when the river water rises more than the outlet, the river water will flow back into the city. Therefore, according to the principle of hydraulics, Liu Yi made twelve water windows at the water outlet, closed them according to the fluctuation of water, and then stopped the flood.

Water window is a design with the most scientific and technological content. The principle is very simple. Whenever the water level of the river is lower than the water window, the water window is flushed open and drained by the hydraulic power of the sewer. On the contrary, when the water level of the river is higher than the water window, the water window will be closed from the outside by the water power of the river to prevent backflow.

At the same time, in order to ensure that the channel in the water window is smooth and has enough momentum, Liu Yi adopted the methods of changing the section and increasing the slope. Some experts once calculated the water window at Dulong bridge as an example. The section size of the water window is 1.15 meters wide and 1.65 meters high, while the width of Dulong bridge is 4 meters wide and 2.5 meters high. As a result, when the water passing through Dulong bridge enters the water window, the flow rate increases by 2-3 times. At the same time, the slope of the water window channel is 4.25%, which is 4 times that of the normal sewer. This ensures that a strong current can be formed in the water window, which is enough to carry away the sediment and discharge it into the river.

According to Han Zhenfei and Lu Chuan, famous experts in Ganzhou's culture and history and planning, opening the ancient map of fushougou, we can clearly see that on the tortoise shaped map of Ganzhou's ancient city, there is an ancient seal "Shou" structure in the north-south direction, and the sewer is flat on it in the east-west direction. The reason is mainly influenced by the ancient city Fengshui culture, because the main route is similar to the ancient seal character "Fushou", so the ditch is named for its shape.

Fushougou project is mainly divided into three parts. One is to transform the original simple sewer into a rectangular section with brick and stone masonry. The width of the section is about 90cm and the height is about 180cm. The top of the ditch is covered with brick and stone masonry, which covers all corners of the city, collecting and discharging the urban sewage to Gongjiang and Zhangjiang respectively. The second is to connect Fushou Ergou with the three ponds (Phoenix pond, goldfish pond, Sima pond) and dozens of ponds such as Qingshui pond, Hebao pond, Jucai pond, Huayuan pond, tiekutang in the city. On the one hand, it can increase the rainwater regulation capacity during urban rainstorm and reduce the area and time of street inundation. On the other hand, it can use ponds to raise fish and grow vegetables, forming an ecological and environmental protection cycle Chain. Third, 12 water windows have been built to prevent river water from flooding in the city during flood season. This water window structure is composed of four parts: outer gate, Dulong bridge, inner gate and regulating pool. It mainly uses hydraulic principle. When the river water rises, the outer gate will be closed automatically by hydraulic force. If the water level drops below the water window, the inner gate will be opened by hydraulic force of the channel in the water window.

Value significance

The combination of fushougou and Ganzhou city wall forms an effective ancient city flood control and drainage system, which is a successful example of Chinese urban civilization for thousands of years. Fushougou is a living witness of the thousand year history of Ganzhou in Song Dynasty, and it is also a precious empirical material for the study of ancient Chinese urban construction.

protective measures

In the history of yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, fushougou was in disrepair for a long time, which collapsed and silted up seriously. During the reign of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty and the beginning of last century, it was repaired on a large scale. In the 1950s, the restored Fushou ditch restored its drainage function.

On October 7, 2019, fushougou was announced by the State Council of the people's Republic of China as the eighth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

On December 29, 2019, the fushougou museum will officially open. With the theme of "Millennium fushougou", fushougou museum displays the thousand years of vicissitudes of "fushougou tracing back to its source" and the real scene of fushougou site of "fushougou wisdom", revealing the mystery of fushougou to the world for the first time

Address: Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province

Longitude: 114.9353124808

Latitude: 25.856884126038

Chinese PinYin : Fu Shou Gou