Zhili governor's Office Museum

Zhili governor's office is located in the prosperous area of Baoding City, which is the only provincial government office in Qing Dynasty. Its predecessor can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty. In 1669, daningdusi was ordered to abolish it. At the same time, the governor of Zhili moved to Baoding from Zhengding, and Baoding began to become the political center of Zhili Province. From then on to Xuantong years, it was the location of the military and political hub of Zhili Province in the Qing Dynasty. Almost all the governors worked and lived here, and the important military and civil affairs of Zhili Province were basically released. There were 74 people who took office in Zhili for 99 times. Tang Zhiyu, Li Wei, Fang Guancheng, Qishan, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Ronglu, Yuan Shikai and other famous officials of the Qing Dynasty all sat here. Many important events that affected the political situation of the dynasty had the most direct connection with the provincial government. Its historical connotation was very rich. It can be said that "a governor's office is a portrayal of half the Qing history." The architectural layout of Zhili governor's office not only inherited the characteristics of previous government offices, but also was influenced by the architectural layout of Beijing royal palaces in Ming and Qing Dynasties as well as the regulation of residential buildings. The whole Zhili governor's office building faces south in the north, 134.4m in width from east to West (42 feet in the Qing Dynasty), 224m in depth from north to south, covering an area of more than 30000 square meters. The building is divided into East, middle and West roads. The middle road is still well preserved. It has a gate, an instrument gate, a lobby, a second hall, a five entrance courtyard with upper room of Guantai, and a pair of left and right wing rooms and ear rooms. All of them are small hard mountain buildings. The East Flower hall and the sign room on the East Road are basically well preserved. Outside the gate of the governor's office in Zhili, there were Yuanmen, Zhaobi, flagpole, Yueting and Guting, a pair of stone lions, East and West Banfang, and a battery outside xiyuanmen for daily reporting of time and memorial service. Although most of these buildings do not exist today, the semi closed pattern and the majestic atmosphere created by them once gave people a sense of solemnity, mystery and awe. The middle road building is located on the central axis of the governor's office. From south to north, the main buildings in the gate include the gate, Yimen, jieshifang, lobby, Ertang, neizhaimen, Guantai upper room, houku, and other ancillary buildings, such as the wing room, ear room and cloister of each hall to the north of Yimen.

Governor Office of Zhili Province

synonym

Zhili governor's Office Museum generally refers to Zhili governor's office

Zhili governor's office, also known as Zhili governor's office, is located in Yuhua Road, Lianchi District, Baoding City, Hebei Province. It is a well preserved provincial government office in Qing Dynasty in China.

The original building was built in Yuan Dynasty. It was the government office of Baoding in the early Ming Dynasty. It was changed into the Department of Daning capital in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, and it was changed into the Department of general in the early Qing Dynasty. In 1730 (the eighth year of Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty), the governor's office was formally established after a large-scale expansion. It has gone through the eight emperors of Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong. It is a miniature of the history of the Qing Dynasty.

There were 59 Zhili governors, including Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Yuan Shikai and Fang Guancheng. They were not abolished until the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, in 1912. During the period of the Republic of China, it was the base camp of Cao Kun. During the war of resistance against Japan and the war of liberation, it was the seat of the Japanese puppet government and the Hebei provincial government of the national government. It was known as "a governor's office, half of the history of the Qing Dynasty".

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the people's Government of Hebei Province was also stationed here. In January 1988, it was announced as the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.

historical background

Historical status

Zhili got its name because it was directly subordinate to the capital. The Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming system and continued to implement the provincial system in the whole country. Beizhili, located near the capital, was changed into Zhili Province. Zhili Province, which was set up in the early Qing Dynasty, was under the jurisdiction of Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin and part of Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. In the Ming Dynasty, the temporary military official "governor" gradually became the highest military and political officer in the Qing Dynasty. After the governor system became more and more mature in the Qianlong period, the governor of Zhili ranked first among the eight governors in China because of the unique geographical location of Zhili Province.

The governor of Zhili had a significant weight, including military, administrative, salt, river and Beiyang ministers. His power had greatly exceeded that of Zhili Province. Because Zhili is located in Jingge, Gongwei capital, a little turmoil, it will endanger the imperial court, so Zhili governor is not an important official.

The governor, as the official dispatched by the imperial court, gradually formed an official system. Since the Ming Dynasty, when Beijing was established in the Qing Dynasty, the establishment of governor and governor was further institutionalized. In the early Qing Dynasty, there was a period of coexistence of governor and governor. Soon after, the governor changed from temporary dispatch to custom-made, from specialized in military affairs to comprehensive management of military and civil affairs. In fact, he has become the highest military and chief executive in the local area. The governor of Zhili had great power. He was generally a second grade official. Those who had the title of minister were the first grade officials. He was in charge of the appointment and removal of officials in the whole province, the control of the army, the trial of lawsuits, the handling of diplomatic affairs, the consultation of titles, the making of provincial regulations, the examination of the year's plan and other military and civil affairs, involving political, economic and military aspects. He was responsible to the imperial court on behalf of the Qing government.

Zhili was an important place at the foot of the emperor, and its position was particularly important. The governor of Zhili experienced a transitional period from the central government to the local government. The governor of Zhili was responsible for unifying the army. Apart from maintaining local security, the governor of Zhili was also responsible for protecting the capital. Therefore, there was a poem at that time: "the three capitals assisted the government, and the Pingfan defended the imperial capital." It shows that the imperial court paid special attention to Zhili governor's unifying troops to defend the capital.

Historical context

From the second year of Yongzheng (1724) when Li Weijun was the first governor of Zhili, to the third year of Xuantong (1911) when Zhang Zhenfang acted as governor of Zhili, in 187, there were 75 governors of Zhili with 99 terms, some of them only served for a few months, and only Fang Guancheng, Zhou Yuanli, Li Hongzhang, Yuan Shikai, etc. who had served for more than five years. Among them, Li Hongzhang has the longest term of office. He has been appointed three times for 28 years. The reason for this frequent turnover, which was less than two years on average, was that some governors died of illness, were dismissed or demoted, and it was also a means for the central government to control local officials. Because the imperial court was afraid that local officials would stay in one place for a long time, and it was difficult to control them. It thought that appropriate replacement could avoid this disadvantage.

The predecessor of Zhili governor's office can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was the seat of Shuntian Road General's office. In the Ming Dynasty, it was Baoding office, Daning Dusi office and Shenjiang office. In 1729, the former Zhili governor was promoted to Zhili governor and still stationed in Baoding, so the governor's office was rebuilt on the original basis. After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, it was the seat of Zhili military supervision department, zhiluyu patrol envoy department, Hebei Provincial People's government, Baoding Municipal Party committee and other organs. The governor's office of Zhili was built in strict accordance with the Qing Dynasty system. It is about 130 meters wide from east to west and 220 meters deep from north to south, covering a total area of 30000 square meters. Separated by gengdao, the Yamen office is divided into East, middle and West roads. The main body is built on the north-south axis, that is, the middle road includes the gate, the instrument gate, the hall, the second hall, the official residence, the upper room, etc., and is equipped with left and right ear rooms, wing rooms, etc. above the three Bay Black Gate, the plaque "Zhili governor's Department" written by Emperor Yongzheng is hung. The closed pattern and majestic atmosphere give people a kind of prestige The feeling of fear. Other auxiliary buildings, such as the flower hall and the shogunate, are located in the East and West. These buildings are buwa top and small hard mountain buildings, which are typical northern government buildings.

In modern Chinese history, Zhili governor's office was directly related to many important events. In 1900, the Boxer Movement was in full swing, and Baoding was an important center of the Boxer Movement. In October of the same year, the invading forces of Britain, France, Germany and Italy invaded Baoding, and the governor's office was occupied. In accordance with the instructions of Zhili governor Li Hongzhang, Tingyong and other Qing officials who stayed in the governor's office ordered the Zhili garrison to withdraw from the provincial capital and let the invading army burn, kill and loot. However, the invaders tried Tingyong and Shen Jiaben and other Qing officials in the hall of the governor's office for conniving the "Boxer bandits" to kill foreigners and burn churches, and executed them to death. In the history of the Chinese nation and the governor's office of Zhili, foreign aggressors sitting in the hall of the governor's office to try Chinese officials is a great shame and a painful lesson that backwardness is bound to be beaten.

During his term of office, Li Hongzhang, on behalf of the Qing government, signed the Treaty of Yantai, the Treaty of Vietnam between China and France, the Treaty of Shimonoseki, the Treaty of China and Russia, and the Treaty of xinchou, which were humiliating and humiliating. He directed the naval battle between China and Japan in the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, and the whole army of Beiyang navy was destroyed. In 1900, the soldiers of the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy invaded Baoding. Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili, ordered "treat each other with courtesy" in other places, and the invading army wantonly burned, killed and looted. On November 6, the general of the invading army headed by British major general Gai Sili sat in the middle of the hall of the governor's office, tied up Zhili nursing governor Ting Yong and others, knelt down in the hall for trial, and executed them. This is the only "court trial" in the history of Baoding Zhili governor's office, leaving a humiliating page. Yuan Shikai, a capable general of Li Hongzhang, had been a governor for more than ten years. He started his career by training the new army and later became a thief of the country. The governor's office of Zhili, which has experienced many vicissitudes, bears the merits and demerits of 74 governors, and has accumulated rich historical connotations. It has become the epitome of politics, economy, military and culture of the Qing Dynasty. It can be said that "a governor's office is a portrayal of half the history of the Qing Dynasty."

architectural composition

The architectural layout of Zhili governor's office not only inherited the characteristics of previous government offices, but also was influenced by the architectural layout of Beijing royal palaces in Ming and Qing Dynasties as well as the regulation of residential buildings. The whole Zhili governor's office building faces south to the north and is 134.4m wide from east to West (Heqing system)

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