Han Tombs in Guishan

Guishan Han tomb is one of the main scenic spots in Xuzhou Guishan scenic area. It is located at the West foot of Guishan mountain, Gulou District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. It is the joint burial tomb of Liu Zhu, the sixth generation king of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty (128-116 BC).

The Han tomb in Guishan is the joint burial tomb of Liu Zhu, the sixth generation king of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty. The tomb is 83 meters long from east to west and 33 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of more than 700 square meters. It almost empties the whole mountain. A total of 15 large and small matching, primary and secondary clear tomb, bedroom, living room, stables, kitchen everything, in good order, is an underground palace. The length of the two parallel corridors in the north and the south is 56 meters, and the maximum deviation along the central line is only 5 mm, with an accuracy of 1 / 10000. The distance between the two corridors is 19 meters, the included angle is 20 seconds, and the error is only 1 / 16000. Each corridor has 26 Stone Plugs weighing 6-7 tons.

Han Tombs in Guishan

Guishan Han tomb is one of the main scenic spots in Xuzhou Guishan scenic area. It is located at the West foot of Guishan mountain, Gulou District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. It is the joint burial tomb of Liu Zhu, the sixth generation king of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty (128-116 BC).

The Han tomb in Guishan is the joint burial tomb of Liu Zhu, the sixth generation king of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty. The tomb is 83 meters long from east to west and 33 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of more than 700 square meters. It almost empties the whole mountain. A total of 15 large and small matching, primary and secondary clear tomb, bedroom, living room, stables, kitchen everything, in good order, is an underground palace. The length of the two parallel corridors in the north and the south is 56 meters, and the maximum deviation along the central line is only 5 mm, with an accuracy of 1 / 10000. The distance between the two corridors is 19 meters, the included angle is 20 seconds, and the error is only 1 / 16000. Each corridor has 26 Stone Plugs weighing 6-7 tons.

There are many unsolved mysteries in Guishan Han tomb, so it is called "Oriental pyramid".

history

In 1981, it was discovered by the local people when they were quarrying.

In 1985, the bronze seal of Liu Zhu's turtle button unearthed from the tomb was collected in the cultural relics survey, thus revealing the identity of the owner of the tomb. Guishan Han tomb is the only one in Xuzhou where the owner has been identified.

In July 1992, the first phase protection project of Han tomb in Guishan was completed in June 1993.

In November 1981 and November 1992, the Nanjing Museum, together with the Xuzhou Municipal Bureau of culture, successively excavated and cleared the northern tomb road and the whole tomb.

structure

The Han Tombs in Guishan are two juxtaposed joint tombs of husband and wife. In the south is the tomb of Liu Zhu, King Xiang of Chu, and in the north is the tomb of his wife. Both tombs are of the type of horizontal cave and cliff cave. The opening of the tombs is located at the West foot of Guishan mountain, which is in the shape of a trumpet. There are two tombs in the north and the south. The tombs are manually excavated.

Each passage is 56 meters long, 1.78 meters high and 1.06 meters wide. The maximum deviation along the central line is only 5 mm, with an accuracy of 1 / 10000. The distance between the north and south passage is 19 meters, with an angle of 20 seconds, with an error of 1 / 16000. The difference between the inside and outside height of the passage is 527 mm, with a natural slope of 10 / 1000. It is the passage with the highest drilling accuracy in the world so far.

Each passage is blocked by 26 blocks of stone blocks in two layers, 13 blocks in each layer, and each block weighs 6-7 tons. The tombs are 83 meters long from east to west, 33 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of more than 700 square meters and a volume of more than 2600 cubic meters. In the south is the tomb of Liu Zhu, King Xiang of Chu, and in the north is the tomb of his wife. The two tombs are of horizontal cave and cliff cave type. There are two corridors in the north and the south. The error of excavation along the center line of the corridor is only 5mm; the horizontal error of the two corridors is only 8mm, and the included angle is only 20 ″. There are 15 tombs, which are connected with each other, with matching sizes and distinct priorities, covering a total area of more than 700 square meters.

The mystery of Han Tombs

The mystery of precision

The length of the two passageways of the Han tomb is 56 meters. The maximum deviation is only 5 mm, with an accuracy of 1 / 10000. The distance between the two passageways is 19 meters, with an angle of 20 seconds, with an error of 1 / 16000. The two walls of the tomb are polished like mirrors. According to the technical level at that time, people questioned the method of building such a graveway.

The mystery of cave tomb excavation

The Han tomb in Guishan is a typical cliff cave tomb, with 15 chambers and two passages covering a total area of more than 700 square meters and a volume of more than 2600 cubic meters. At that time, how to master the stone quality and structure of the mountain, so that the construction can be carried out smoothly.

The riddle of star map

There are papillary stone bags on the front hall, coffin room and stone pillars of Mrs. Liu's tomb, which are arranged irregularly. It is not a craft ornament. People don't know what it means. Some people think that it symbolizes the lamp of lighting, others think that it symbolizes that Liu, the king of Xiang of Chu, annotated Ying Tianxing, but if we examine it carefully, we can't justify it.

The mystery of stone plugging

The South Corridor is blocked by 26 stone blocks, which are divided into two layers, 13 blocks in each layer, each weighing 6-7 tons. The joints between the stones are so tight that it is difficult to block a coin. According to experts' research, the corridor of the Han tomb was located at the middle of Guishan mountain at that time, and the texture of the stone came from far southwest, people do not know its source. In the Han Dynasty, when the productivity was extremely low, people questioned how the ancients transported these huge stones and put them into the corridor.

The mystery of Liu Zhu's front hall

The front hall of Liuzhu is located in the center of the whole tomb, which is the largest of the 15 tombs, with an area of 68.91 square meters. It symbolizes the hall where the king of Chu worshiped and entertained his guests. The giant stone pillar in the middle is tall and strong, just supporting on the central axis of the North-South Corridor, with ingenious structure. People question whether it's a coincidence.

The mystery of juanmen

According to expert research, the burial of the king's wife should be three or four years after the king's burial, but the tombs of the king and his wife were excavated at the same time. At that time, a door was left between the two tombs, but it was not opened until after the burial of the king of Chu's wife, the craftsmen "opened the door to find their husband.". The craftsmen who were able to build the tombs made the survey and design technology of the two tombs seamless, but there was an incomprehensible problem here. This is the only one of the five tombs that has not been planned. The door of the king of Chu is small, and the door of his wife is large, which makes the whole passage into a square shape. Some people say that they found the wrong position when they opened the door to find a husband, and they only corrected it when they were halfway through. However, in the whole 15 tombs, except for this one, none of them was chiseled by mistake. What makes people doubt is that it happened on the wall which is only two meters thick.

The mystery of cliff mural

On the north wall of the coffin room of the king of Chu, a life size shadow is clearly displayed. It is dressed in Hanfu, with a broad belt and a bow hand to welcome the guests. It is known as "welcoming the guests of the king of Chu". This image was gradually formed after the official opening of the tomb. Some people think it is caused by long-term water seepage, but there is no trace of water seepage outside the shadow, which has become the biggest mystery of Han Tombs in Guishan.

archaeological excavation

There are a large number of rectangular boulders piled outside the Guishan Tomb. They are used to fill two corridors to prevent tomb theft. Each of these boulders weighs about seven tons and is difficult to move. More than two thousand years ago, the productivity was extremely low. People have been questioning how the craftsmen sent the "Big Mac" weighing several tons to the corridor and how they had to stack it in two layers. In 1992, when the staff prepared to pull the stone plug of the southern corridor out of the tomb, they were surprised to find that the joints between the upper and lower layers of stone plug in the corridor were very tight, and even a nickel could not be inserted between the two layers of stone plug. The magnificent Tomb of Liu Zhu and his wife was sealed in the chamber by these stone blocks. These huge stones are not only huge in volume, but also 26 in number. With such a large amount of quarrying, whether the small Guishan mountain can provide rich stone and whether the underground palace will be affected have also aroused controversy. However, according to the analysis of archaeologists, it seems that these huge stones should not come from Guishan mountain.

However, the quality of these stones is the same as that of Guishan, and they are all limestone. What's more convincing is that when the tomb of Chu king was excavated and cleaned up in Shizishan, Xuzhou, archaeologists found that in the front section of the outer passage of the tomb, "there are many residual stones. In the middle, a rudiment of" plug stone "was chiseled out, which is rectangular, and the upper part has made a smooth surface. There is also a piece of "plug stone" which was damaged. Because it was broken during processing, it was abandoned to the west side of the tomb path. " Since the stone stoppers of the Chu mausoleum in Shizishan are made from local materials, no one can give us a complete answer as to whether the stone stoppers of the Chu mausoleum in Guishan are also from local sources.

Juanmen is a joint tomb with only one aisle. It is called jumen. The east wall of this door is straight, and the west wall is curved, which means that it is large in the north and gradually shrinks to the south. Maybe the builder wants to indicate the change of user's gender through the change of the door, because the door connects the two owners' tombs.

Chinese archaeologist Jiang ruo's comment on this gate is "mistakenly chiseled". "This is the only irregular passage in the tomb," he said. On the other side of the pot door is the most exquisite decoration carved in the whole tomb. This shows that the pot door is a "passage" specially reserved for Mrs. Liu Zhu's tomb, and the reason why the north entrance of the passage is so wide is that Mrs. Liu's tomb was wrongly chiseled to "open the door to find her husband" during the excavation. Equal discovery and prediction

Chinese PinYin : Gui Shan Han Mu