Xiaowutai

Xiaowutai is located in the south of Ziwu town of Chang'an, 40 li away from Xi'an. Xiaowutai, 1530 meters above sea level, is a famous mountain in Zhongnan. To Ziwu ancient town, from the southwest into the mountain, climbing Xiaowutai, along the way, the grass is desolate, the trees are beautiful, the high mountain platform, the temple stands. There is a jade emperor building in the middle and a Dai Temple on the top. The Buddhism and Taoism are in the same mountain. In the secluded place, you can understand Zen Buddhism. The wind is clear in the mountains and clear in the wild. You can walk freely and express your feelings. When you ascend Dai Temple, you can see from the four fields that everything is desolate, with green mountains and endless peaks. The sea of clouds and the eagle fly high. Overlooking Guanzhong, a flat domain, fertile, soul around the dream.

Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve

synonym

Xiaowutai generally refers to Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve

Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve is located in Yuxian County and Zhuolu County of Zhangjiakou area in Northwest Hebei Province, bordering Mentougou District of Beijing and Laishui County of Baoding area in the East. It is 60 kilometers long from east to west and 28 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 21833 hectares.

The Nature Reserve belongs to Forest Wildlife Nature Reserve, and the main protected objects are natural coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, subalpine shrub, meadow and brown eared pheasant.

Historical evolution

The predecessor of Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve is Xiaowutai Mountain Forest Farm in Yu County, Yangjiaping forest farm in Zhuolu county and shanjiankou forest camp in Chadao forest farm.

In November 1983, Xiaowutai Mountain Nature Reserve was approved as a provincial nature reserve.

In July 2002, it was promoted to a national nature reserve.

In November 1983, with the approval of Hebei Provincial People's government, Xiaowutai Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve was established on the basis of Xiaowutai Mountain Forest Farm in Yu County, Yangjiaping forest farm in Zhuolu county and shanjiankou forest camp in Chadao forest farm in Zhuolu county.

In July 2002, with the approval of the State Council, it was promoted to a national nature reserve.

In November 2016, the State Council agreed to adjust the scope of Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve. After the adjustment, the area, scope and functional zoning of the reserve will be announced by the Ministry of environmental protection.

geographical environment

position

Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve is located in the northwest of Hebei Province, bordering Mentougou District of Beijing in the East, 125 kilometers away from Beijing urban area and 150 kilometers away from Zhangjiakou City in the north. The geographical coordinates range from 114 ° 47 ′ 8 ″ e to 115 ° 28 ′ 56 ″ N and 39 ° 50 ′ 41 ″ n to 40 ° 6 ′ 30 ″ n. the forest land of the reserve is in Yu county and Zhuolu County of Zhangjiakou City.

Geology and geomorphology

Xiaowutai Mountain is located in the northern end of Taihang Mountains. It took shape during the Luliang movement. During the Yanshanian movement, it formed the Xinhua Xia type fold belt. During the Himalayan movement, due to the violent uplift and strong fracture of the mountain, Xiaowutai Mountain formed many peaks and valleys with five peaks in the East, West, South, North and middle as the main body. Among them, more than 130 peaks with an altitude of more than 2000 meters are located in the sea There are more than 50 peaks above 2300m, including five peaks in the East, West, South, North and middle, with an altitude of more than 2600m. Dongtai, the main peak, is 2882m above sea level, the main peak of Taihang Mountain and the highest peak in Hebei Province. In addition to the above peaks, Lingshan, Dongling and Xiling mountains of Xishan mountains are also in the reserve. Lingshan is the main peak of Xishan mountains and the highest peak in western Beijing, with an altitude of 2420m.

climate

The climate of the reserve is warm temperate continental monsoon mountain climate. It has the characteristics of hot and rainy season, long winter and short summer, four distinct seasons and large temperature difference between day and night in summer. The average temperature in January is - 12.3 ℃ (the peak temperature can reach - 38 ℃), and the average temperature in July is 22.1 ℃. The wind speed at the foot of the mountain is 2m / s, and gradually increases to the mountain. The maximum wind speed can reach 20m / s. The climate has the characteristics of mountainous areas in North China. The annual average precipitation in Sichuan Valley is 420 mm. The precipitation above the mountainside gradually increases, with an average annual precipitation of 700 mm at most. Some mountain tops rain almost every day in the rainy season. The rainfall is concentrated, only from July to August, accounting for about 49% of the annual rainfall. The temperature is low and the climate is cold. The annual average temperature is 6.4 ℃. It is frozen in the beginning of winter and thawed in the beginning of summer. The frozen layer on the shady slope of 2000 meters is only dissolved more than 20 cm deep in July, and some valleys are covered with snow all the year round. First frost in early September, late frost in late May, growing season 60-80 days, trees germinate in June, leaves fall in September. Spring begins in Midsummer in Zhongshan and subalpine, and is flourishing in mid July. The vertical climate is very obvious. The low mountains or hills with an altitude of 1000-1300 meters are warm climate zone, with an average temperature of 5-6 degrees and frost free period of 130-140 days. The lower part of the middle mountain with an altitude of 1300-1800 meters is warm and humid climate zone, with an average temperature of 4-5 degrees and frost free period of 100-120 days. The upper part of the middle mountain with an altitude of 1800-2500 meters is cold climate zone, with an average annual temperature of 2-3 degrees and frost free period of 80-90 days. The subalpine above 2500 meters is high In the cold humid climate zone, the average annual temperature is 0-2 degrees, and the frost free period is about 60 days. It snows in the middle of September. The freezing period lasts for 5-6 months, and the maximum frozen layer is 1.5m.

hydrology

Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve in Hebei Province is rich in water resources and abundant in precipitation. The main water sources are precipitation, groundwater and phreatic water. Because of deep valley, steep slope and large drop, rapids and waterfalls are often formed. The five main peaks and Dongling Mountain and Xiling mountain become the natural watershed. The water from north and West Taiwan flows into the Ding'an river. The water from Nantai and Zhongtai flows into Huliu river. After confluence of Ding'an and Huliu rivers, they flow into Sanggan River. The water from Dongtai and part of Zhongtai flows into Juma River, and the water from Dongling Mountain and Xiling mountain flows into Yongding River.

Area range

Hebei Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve covers a total area of 26700 hectares. It is about 60 kilometers long from east to west and 28 kilometers wide from north to south. The surrounding area extends for more than 300 kilometers, involving 10 townships, 66 natural villages and 17851 people.

Protected objects

Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve in Hebei Province is a forest and wildlife type system reserve. The main protected objects are warm temperate forest ecosystem, brown eared pheasant and other national key protected wild animals and plants.

plant resources

The vegetation of Xiaowutai Mountain can be divided into 7 vegetation types, 18 formation groups and 35 formation groups, 7 vegetation types are coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, shrub, shrub grass, meadow and marsh vegetation. Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is the main vegetation in Xiaowutai Mountain, mainly including Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus mongolica mixed forest, Larix principis rupprechtii and Betula platyphylla mixed forest, spruce, fir and Betula platyphylla mixed forest, etc. According to the altitude of the mountain and the vertical change of water and heat conditions, the vegetation vertical zone spectrum of Xiaowutai Mountain can be divided into subalpine meadow zone, subalpine shrub zone, coniferous forest zone, coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest zone, deciduous broad-leaved forest zone, artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forest zone, secondary shrub zone and farmland forest fruit zone. In particular, it provides a living environment for brown eared pheasant, leopard and other rare wild animals, creating a unique status and protection value of the reserve.

Xiaowutai Mountain is one of the most abundant plant species in North China. There are 1637 species of wild higher plants in the area, including 244 species of bryophytes belonging to 38 families and 98 genera, 60 species of pteridophytes belonging to 118 families and 530 genera, 16 families and 24 genera, 13 species of gymnosperms belonging to 4 families and 9 genera, and 1320 species of angiosperms belonging to 98 families and 497 genera. Compositae, Gramineae and Leguminosae are the most abundant. Among the woody plants, birch, pine, larch, spruce, oak and poplar are the dominant species in Xiaowutai forest. There are 367 kinds of ornamental plants, 390 kinds of Chinese herbal plants and 593 kinds of forage plants. According to the trial regulations issued by the state in 2005, there are 33 species of national key protected plants in the reserve, among which the first-class protected plants are Cypripedium grandiflorum, Cypripedium and Cypripedium purpureum; the second-class protected plants are mainly wild soybean, Phellodendron amurense, acanthopanax senticosus, etc.; rare and small population plants such as Abies reevesii, Anemone Berberis, etc.; and five type plants named after Berberis Berberis, namely Berberis Berberis , Xiaowutai typhoon Maoju, Xiaowutai bupleurum, Wutai Mountain yanhusuo, Xiaowutai anemone.

Animal resources

Xiaowutai Mountain Nature Reserve belongs to North China of Palaearctic boundary in zoogeographical division. A total of 139 species of terrestrial vertebrates were found in the reserve, belonging to 4 classes, 19 orders and 55 families, including 2 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 98 species of birds and 32 species of mammals. According to the list of key protected terrestrial wildlife in Hebei Province published by Hebei Forestry Bureau in 2006, there are 22 species of national key protected wildlife in the reserve: 6 species of national first-class protected animals, including brown eared pheasant, Golden Eagle, white shoulder eagle, great bustard, black stork and leopard. Brown eared pheasant is a rare bird in the world, unique to China and first-class national protected wild animal. Internationally, brown eared pheasant is known as "Oriental gem" and is as famous as "national treasure" giant panda. Leopard, North China subspecies, is a national first-class protected animal and endemic to China. There are 16 species of national second level protected animals, such as kite, goshawk, spoon chicken, carved owl and gazelle. There are 27 species of wild terrestrial animals under special protection in Hebei Province. The index of animal species richness in nature reserves is one of the high in northern China.

Chinese PinYin : Xiao Wu Tai