Yongling Tomb of Qing Dynasty

The Yongling mausoleum in Xingjing is one of the Three Famous Mausoleums outside guanwai in the early Qing Dynasty. They are mengtemu, the distant ancestor of Nurhachi VI, and his Di Fujin, his great grandfather Fuman, and his Di Fujin, his grandfather juechang'an, and his Di Fujin, his father takshi, and his mother Sitara's ermeqi (empress Xuan of Xianzu) and the cemeteries of Uncle Lidun and fifth uncle taza Zhangu.

Yongling Tomb of Qing Dynasty

Yongling, the ancestral Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty, is located at the foot of Qiyun mountain in the northwest of Yongling Town, Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province. It is located at the foot of Hulan hada (Manchu, Chinese translation of Yantong mountain) and on the North Bank of sukeshubila (Manchu, Chinese translation of Yuying River, now known as Suzi River). The southern foot of niyaman mountain (now called Qiyun mountain). It is 22 kilometers away from the county seat and 2 kilometers away from Yongling town in the East. In the southeast, it is about 5 kilometers away from Hetu, the ancient city of Xingjing, and in the west, it is about 3 kilometers away from Xiayuan palace.

In the mausoleum are the sixth ancestor of Nurhachi, Timur (emperor zhaozu) and his Di Fujin (empress zhaozu), Fu Man (emperor xingzuzhi) and his Di Fujin (empress xingzuzhi), Jue Chang'an (emperor jingzuyi) and his Di Fujin (empress jingzuyi), his father Tucker (emperor xianzuxuan) and his mother Xita The cemetery of La Shi (empress Xuan of Xianzu) and his uncle Lidun, Wushu Tasha Zhangu, etc.

It was first built in the 26th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1598); it was called Xingjing mausoleum in the 8th year of Tiancong in the later Jin Dynasty (1634), and Yongling mausoleum in the 16th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1659). From 1682 to 1829, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Jiaqing and Emperor Daoguang came to Yongling nine times to worship their ancestors.

Yongling Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty has its own architectural and artistic characteristics in architectural form, layout, modeling and technology. In 1988, it was announced as a national key cultural relic protection unit and listed in the world cultural heritage list in 2004.

Historical evolution

As early as Jiajing and Wanli of Ming Dynasty, Yongling of Qing Dynasty chose the sun of niyaman mountain (Qiaoshan and Qiyunshan) as the family cemetery. They buried xingzu Fuman, Jingzu juechangan, xianzutaki and other uncles of Nurhachi. It is recorded in history that in September of the 31st year of Wanli (1603), Nurhachi's beloved wife, the 29 year old empress of xiaocigao, yehnaramungu, died. "In the third year of Yue Dynasty, we began to bury niyaman hill.". He ordered four maidservants to die and kill 100 cattle and 100 horses. Taizu Uncle Li Dun, fifth uncle Tacha, etc. were also buried in niyaman hill. At this time, when there is no mausoleum building, there is no mausoleum name, only called "Hetu alazu mausoleum".

In the ninth year of Tianming (1624), Nurhachi built the Tokyo City in Liaoyang, and then built a mausoleum (later called the Tokyo Mausoleum) in Yanglu mountain in the north of the city. He sent the Suo Chang a sun Wangshan, duo Bi, Li Dun Zibei and Qi to the ancestral Mausoleum of niyaman hill, and moved the mausoleums of Jingzu, Xianzu, empress xiaocigao, di shuerhaqi, and the eldest son Yiying to Dongjing mausoleum for burial. The remaining tombs are called "old tombs". In 1634, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty honored hetuala as "Xingjing" and hetualazu Mausoleum as "Xingjing mausoleum". In the first year of Chongde (1636), Huang Taiji changed Dajin into Daqing, and called him emperor. According to the ancient system, the four ancestors were regarded as the four kings, that is, mengtemu was king Ze, Fuman was king Qing, juechangan was king Chang, and takshi was king Fu. Set up a temple for the four kings. At the same time, zhaozu's clothes and crowns were set up behind xingzu's tomb in Laoling. Zhao and Xing's two ancestors are called "two ancestral tombs".

In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Emperor Fulin of the Qing Dynasty was granted four Titles: mengtemu was the former Emperor of zhaozu, Fuman was the emperor of xingzuzhi, juechangan was the emperor of jingzuyi, and takshi was the emperor of xianzuxuan. At the same time, di Fu Jin, who was the first empress of zhaozu, the second empress of xingzu, the third empress of jingzuyi, and the third empress of Xianzu Xuan. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651), Niya man hill in Qiaoshan was granted the title of "Qiyun mountain", and officers and soldiers were set up to guard the mausoleum. Shunzhi ten years (1653), began to build enjoy hall, side hall, Fangcheng gate wall. In the 12th year of Shunzhi (1655), the stele and pavilion were built on the Shengde stele of the second ancestor of Zhaoxing. In 1658, because the fengshui of the Dongjing mausoleum was not as good as that of the Xingjing mausoleum, the tombs of the second ancestors of Jing and Xian, and the tombs of Lidun and Tacha were moved back to the front of the tombs of the second ancestors of Zhao and Xing in the Xingjing mausoleum. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), the jingling mausoleum was more prosperous and named Yongling mausoleum. It aims to make the country permanent and the imperial industry permanent. In 1661, Xiangdian was named "Qiyun hall" and fangchengmen "Qiyun gate". Set up the stele to show the second ancestor's holy virtue and build the pavilion.

In the first year of Emperor Kangxi (1662), he was given the Manchu and Chinese god cards in Qiyun hall. In the ninth year of Kangxi's reign (1670), the Yongling governor's office was set up in the West Fort of Yongling, which was specially responsible for the safety and defense of the mausoleum. In the 11th year of Kangxi (1672), the Yongling guard yamen was set up in the back fort of Yongling, which was specially responsible for Yongling sacrifice and everything in the mausoleum. In 1677, Yongling was replaced with yellow glazed tiles.

Yongzheng eight years (1730), built qiban room, Zhuban room. In the first year of Emperor Qianlong (1736), the tea catering and washing room was built. Qianlong 12 years (1747), Qiyun hall set nanmu incense table, enamel sacrificial utensils. In 1778, there were 1344 palisades, 36 red piles, 64 white piles and 36 green piles outside the mausoleum. Qianlong 47 years (1782), built Xiayuan palace. In 1783, in front of the Yongling mausoleum, there were five types of Xiama stone steles: Manchu, Mongolian, Han, Hui and Tibetan.

In the first year of Guangxu (1875), the vice governor of Xingjing was set up in Yongling street, and the governor of Xingjing was set up in hetuala.

In 1922, Yongling general manager and Guanfang yamen were abolished, and their affairs were managed by Xingjing County Office. In 1925, Yongling's Guanfang yamen was abolished, and Yongling's sacrifice was handled by the county office.

In 1961, Xinbin County Cultural Relics Management Office was established. In 1963, Yongling was listed as a provincial cultural protection unit, and Yongling affairs were handled by the cultural relics management office. On October 1, 1979, Yongling was officially opened to China. In 1987, Yongling was listed as a national cultural relic protection unit.

In 1988, it was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit; in 2004, it was listed in the world cultural heritage list.

architectural composition

Geographical location

The main characteristics of Yongling mausoleum in Qing Dynasty are "sitting in the north and facing south, Shinto running through, being in the middle and being in the sun, and the central axis is not biased." Yongling chose to build the main hall of Baoding in front of the main cave of Longmai, which is located at the south foot of Qiyun mountain. From the main cave to the south, a 1 km long straight passage was built, which was called "shenlu", and was the central axis of the mausoleum. It is also the sitting line of the mausoleum. Xiangdian Qiyun Dian is built at the north end of the central axis, which means "Dangyang in the middle". The Qiyun gate and the Zhenghong gate are arranged in turn on the axis, facing north and south, which not only arch the main hall layer by layer, but also highlight the center and strengthen the meaning of imperial power.

architectural composition

Left and right symmetry, echo each other, balanced layout, primary and secondary clear

The eastern and Western halls, fruit room and dining room, zhaozu stele Pavilion and xingzu stele Pavilion, qiban room, Zhuban room and tea room, as well as the pottery room of the mausoleum, the dongxiama stele and the xixiama stele are arranged symmetrically on the central axis, with balanced layout, clear primary and secondary, and echo each other. It gives people a sense of balance, stability, solemnity and completeness.

 

The combination of longitude and weft, high and low scattered, step by step up, contrast foil

Yongling's Mausoleum buildings are arranged vertically and horizontally from front to back, such as the horse stele, the front palace gate, the East and West Wing rooms, the four ancestor stele Pavilion, the fruit dining room, the Qiyun gate, the East and west side hall, and the Qiyun hall. In the front view, one is vertical and the other is horizontal, alternately, and the combination of longitude and latitude is flexible. This staggered arrangement of longitude and latitude gives people a vivid, fresh, flexible and profound feeling. From the front to the back, the mausoleum buildings are low high low high with undulating waves. The front palace gate is the lowest, the wing room is higher, the fourth stele tower is higher, the fruit dining room is lower, the Qiyun gate is higher, the auxiliary hall is lower, and the main hall is the highest. This kind of low-high-low-high arrangement of buildings is like undulating waves. With the gradual rise of the terrain, and the buildings behind are higher than those in front in turn, the undulating waves are in a step-by-step upward curve, which gives people a vivid, enterprising and entertaining feeling.

 

Before and after the court, two sides of a garden, North and South arrangement, three into the courtyard

The most basic form of Yongling mausoleum is "former dynasty and later mausoleum", and the three entrance courtyard with two sides and one garden arranged vertically from front to back. The so-called three entrance courtyard of two sides and one garden means that the front courtyard of the first entrance courtyard is square, the square city of the second entrance courtyard is also square, and the Baocheng of the third entrance courtyard is round. The Baocheng Baoding behind the Qiyun hall is the underground palace where emperor an was worshipped and the bones of the empress were found. Or the rulers of the Qing Dynasty believed that "death is like life". They believed that the emperor would still be the emperor in the underworld after his death. Therefore, the Fangcheng of the mausoleum was the imperial city of the underworld, and the Xiangdian was the palace of the emperor in the underworld. The underground palace of Baoding in Baocheng is their bedroom in the underworld. Therefore, to build the square city into a square and the Baocheng Baoding into a round is to symbolize the earth and the sky respectively, in line with the theory of "the sky is round and the place is round".

 

Main buildings

Yongling Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is the largest existing mausoleum in China

Chinese PinYin : Qing Yong Ling