Hongkeng Tulou group

Hongkeng Tulou group is located in hongkeng village, Hukeng Town, Yongding County. It was formed from the end of Song Dynasty to modern times. There are more than 30 kinds of Hakka Tulou, such as round building, square building, palace style Tulou, five Phoenix style Tulou, and mansion style Tulou. It is the largest Tulou group in terms of architectural types and styles. If Yongding is a Chinese Tulou folk house museum without a gate, then hongkeng Tulou folk culture village is just like a village It's a museum concentrating Hakka Earth Buildings in Yongding.

This ordinary natural village is famous for its more than 30 Hakka Earth Buildings of different sizes and circles. In the village, there are the most magnificent "Tulou Prince" Zhencheng building, the smallest "pocket round building" such as shenglou, kuiju building like Potala Palace, Fuyu building like mansion, and Jingyang building with the thickest wall. They are naturally inlaid in terraced valleys and on the banks of winding streams, and form beautiful pastoral songs with mountains, streams and natural villages.

The earth buildings, like a frozen music and a frozen history, tell the world the pioneering spirit and life civilization of Hakka people in the small mountain village surrounded by mountains.

Hongkeng, a small mountain village with more than 500 families and more than 2000 people, is surrounded by mountains. The Hongchuan river is clear and lively, winding through the village. Standing on the stream bridge, you can see the rolling green mountains and the magnificent earth buildings on both sides.

Hongkeng Tulou group

Hongkeng Tulou group is located in hongkeng village, northeast of Hukeng Town, Yongding District, Longyan City, Fujian Province. In the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty (13th century), Lin family built Chongyu building and Nanchang building here. There are 13 large-scale Tulou in Ming Dynasty, such as Fengsheng building and Yongyuan building, and 33 large-scale Tulou in Qing Dynasty, such as Fuyu building, kuiju building, Yanglin building and Zhongzhu building.

Hongkeng Tulou group is a "group" of "three groups and two buildings" in Yongding, which is composed of Zhencheng building and shenglou building. The main shapes are square, rectangle, circle, Wufeng building, half moon and its variation.

Hongkeng Tulou group, as an important part of Yongding Hakka Tulou in Fujian Province, has provided a special witness for the architectural art and traditional culture of Chinese traditional vernacular dwellings.

In July 2008, Fujian Tulou including hongkeng Tulou group was listed in the world heritage list.

In November 2009, hongkeng Tulou group was identified as the seventh batch of provincial cultural relics protection units in Fujian Province.

In September 2016, hongkeng Tulou group became the first project in Fujian Province to be included in the national "100 items of fire safety projects for cultural relics".

Historical evolution

At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty (13th century), Lin's foundation was opened in hongkeng village, northeast of Hukeng Town, Yongding District, Fujian Province, and square earth buildings, Chongyu building (collapsed) and Nanchang building (collapsed), were built.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Lin family built 13 large-scale earth buildings, such as Fengsheng building and Yongyuan building.

In the Qing Dynasty, the Lin family built 33 large-scale earth buildings, including Fuyu building, kuiju building, Yanglin building and Zhongzhu building. In 1834, the Lin family began to build kuiju building, which took nearly five years to complete.

In 1880, the Lin family began to build Fuyu building, which cost more than 100000 yuan and took three years to complete.

In 1901, the owner of the building, Lin Gaolin, was short of housing. Later, he had a dream: a red sun was falling in hongkeng village. He thought that the house was well built here, so he raised money. He went out to work and took three years to build the building.

In 1912, the Lin family built Zhencheng building.

In 1913, the Lin family built Zhenfu building.

In 1993, hongkeng village, where hongkeng Tulou group is located, was listed as a folk culture village of Hakka Tulou in China.

In 2000, 2310 people from 638 households lived in hongkeng Tulou group.

Architectural features

overview

Hongkeng Tulou group is a group of Yongding's "three groups and two buildings", which is composed of Yucheng building, Qingcheng building, Zhencheng building, Yongyuan building, Fuxing building, Jingyang building, Yanglin building, Chaoyang building, Qingfu building, Guangyu building, Jiusheng building, Fuyu building, kuiju building, Rusheng building, Wansheng building, Shangde building, Huiyuan Building, Qingyi building, Yongchang Building, Yongcheng building, Fuxing building, Jiyuan building, etc.

The square earth buildings built by Lin's ancestors when the foundation was opened, Chongyu building and Nanchang building, have collapsed. There are 13 large-scale Tulou in Ming Dynasty, such as Fengsheng building and Yongyuan building, and 33 large-scale Tulou in Qing Dynasty, such as Fuyu building, kuiju building, Yanglin building and Zhongzhu building. In addition, there are Tianhou palace, Rixin school, Lin's ancestral hall, Guandi temple and so on.

pattern

There are mainly square, rectangle, circle, five Phoenix building, half moon and its variant forms in the shape of hongkeng earth building group.

Zhencheng building, covering an area of 5000 square meters, is suspended on the top of the mountain with a beam lifting structure, which is divided into two circles, forming a pattern of buildings inside and outside the building.

The outer ring has 4 layers, each layer has 48 rooms, according to the eight trigrams design, each hexagram has 6 rooms.

The two Hexagrams are connected by arches. There are one hall, two wells, three doors and eight units in the building. The ancestral hall is like a stage. In front of the stage, there are four big stone pillars with a circumference of nearly 2 meters and a height of nearly 7 meters. On both sides of the stage, there are 30 rooms on the upper and lower floors, forming an inner circle.

For example, shenglou is a small and exquisite earth round building in many earth buildings in Yongding, commonly known as "Mi shenglou". For example, the ascending building is a single circle structure, with a circumference of only 56.6 meters and a diameter of 18.2 meters. The inside patio is round, the inner edge of the roof tile surface is in the shape of eight trigrams, and the outer edge is round.

Fuyu building is the representative of Yongding mansion style earth building, covering an area of more than 7000 square meters. There are three gates in front of the building. There are small gates separated between the main building and the cross room. The exterior of the building is integrated, and the interior is divided into three units. Loumenping and the wall are paved with local river pebbles, with fine workmanship, integrated with the natural environment. It looks like three mountains, implying the meaning of "three mountains" of the three brothers.

Kuiju building covers an area of more than 6000 square meters and is about 15 meters high. The middle hall is high and the hatchback is low.

characteristic

Hongkeng Tulou group is the largest group of Tulou in Fujian Province in terms of architectural types and styles, including kuiju building, Wufeng building, Fuyu building, Zhencheng building and shenglou building.

Hakkas migrated from the Central Plains and were deeply influenced by traditional Chinese culture. Bagua is one of the classics of traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, Hakkas use it in the construction of residential buildings. After several generations of migration, the Hakkas face all kinds of natural and social difficulties. From the perspective of safety, they use eight trigrams in the design and construction of earth buildings.

The layout of Zhencheng building has the features of Suzhou garden and ancient Greek architecture. It can be called a wonderful combination of Chinese and Western architecture.

Zhencheng building is a beam lifting structure suspended from the top of the mountain. It is designed according to the eight trigrams, with 6 rooms for each trigram and a staircase as a unit.

Qianmen is "Xun Gua", while Qianmen is "Qian Gua". The two Hexagrams are connected by arches. There are one hall, two wells, three gates and eight units in the building. There is a fire wall between the hexagrams. If one hexagram catches fire, it will not affect the whole building. There is also a door between the two hexagrams. When it is closed, it will form one side. When it is opened, all sides can communicate. Once the thief enters the house, once the hexagram door is closed, the turtle can be caught in the urn.

Fuyu building was designed by Zhang Xingbing, a friend of the three brothers (Lin Zhongshan, Lin Renshan and Lin Deshan). The structural features of the main building are low in the front and high in the back on the central axis of the main building, two horizontal rooms, orderly in height and clear in priority.

The architectural features of kuiju building are high central hall and low hatchback.

Kuiju building is a large square earth building with a palace like structure, which is quite like Potala Palace from a distance. From a high point of view, the building and the ridge behind connect the city. If the tiger goes down the mountain, kuiju building is the "tiger head". There are two windows on the wall in front of the building, which look like tiger eyes. The building is designed according to the geographical characteristics of the tiger shape. The designer is Lin Kuiyang's brother and Hanlin's Bachelor Wu Yifu.

The sculptures, painted sculptures, flowers and birds, figures, landscapes, pavilions and stories in kuijuilou are full of Hakka historical charm and local flavor.

Cultural relics

Among the hongkeng Tulou group, Zhencheng building, Fuyu building and kuiju building are the national key cultural relics protection units.

Guangyu building, Fuxing building, Rusheng building, Qingcheng building, Tianhou palace, Rixin school and Lin's ancestral hall are cultural relics protection units in Fujian.

On the lintel of the hall of Zhencheng building is the inscription of President Li Yuanhong in the early Republic of China. The cast iron lattice railings of the second floor corridor of ancestral hall were imported from Shanghai to Zhencheng building. On the hall and lintel are inscriptions such as "Li Tang Guan Xing" and "Yi Sheng Zai Dao" by President Li Yuanhong in the early Republic of China. There are more than 20 permanent couplets and inscriptions in the building, which fully shows the connotation of Tulou culture.

The couplets of Zhencheng building are almost all written by Lin Sunzhi (son of Lin Renshan, designer and manufacturer of Zhencheng building, member of the Central Committee of the Republic of China).

The name of Fuyu building is inscribed by Zhang Xingbing, governor of Tingzhou.

For example, because the building is small, like the Hakka people used to use bamboo tube to measure rice, many tourists call it "pocket earth building".

There is a deeper way to name it "Ru Sheng Lou"

Chinese PinYin : Hong Keng Tu Lou Qun