Pineapple

Pineapple

(Ben Jing)

[synonym] nvluo (the book of songs), Songshang parasitic (compendium), Songluo (pharmacology of traditional Chinese Medicine), shugua (Heilongjiang traditional Chinese Medicine), tianpengcao, xuefengteng, Shanmian, longxucao (Sichuan Traditional Chinese medicine records), tianpengcao (Shaanxi traditional Chinese Medicine).

[source] it is the filaments of Usnea longissima and Usnea dilapidated.

[plant morphology] 1

All of them are linear, up to about 100 cm long. Base attached to bark, pendulous. Not divergent, densely small and short lateral branches, about 1 cm long. All of them are grayish green, the outer skin is coarse and loose, and the center is hard and dense. Fruiting apparatus sparsely, dish like, at apex of branches.

② Broken stem Usnea, also known as: Section Usnea, Yunwu grass.

It is about 30 cm long, bifurcated, and the more it is divided, the finer it is. There are obvious annular cracks on the surface of the branches.

It grows in moist forest and epiphytes on conifers. It is distributed all over the country.

[collection] harvest in spring and autumn and dry in the sun.

[chemical constituents] both Usnea longissima and Usnea dilapidated contain balbac acid, usnic acid and Delphic acid. In addition, there are also lamaric acid and lichenin in the product. There was another acid (3.6%) in the broken stem Usnea, which was different from the balba lichenic acid. In addition, it also contains carbohydrates.

[pharmacological action] 1

Many lichens, such as Usnea, contain antibacterial substances, among which usnic acid has a prominent antibacterial effect. Gram positive bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were the main antibacterial spectrum. In vitro, usnic acid has strong bacteriostatic effect on pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, diphtheria and tuberculosis. The bacteriostatic concentration is 1-5 μ g / ml, and 50 μ g / ml can completely inhibit the growth of bacteria. The inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus was weaker than that on Gram negative bacteria. There was no significant difference in antibacterial activity between dextral and levorotatory groups. However, it has also been reported that it is effective for gram negative pertussis, Bacillus subtilis, pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Proteus, but not for dysentery and typhoid. In vitro, usnic acid had a significant inhibitory effect on human Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 20-50 μ g / ml of usnic acid could completely inhibit the growth of human Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Serum could slightly reduce its potency. In vivo experiments (treatment of experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs), it is generally believed that oral or intraperitoneal injection has a better curative effect, which can limit the development of tuberculosis lesions; it is also reported that usnic acid alone has no effect on experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs, but can enhance the effect of streptomycin. In vitro, it also had mild synergistic effect with streptomycin or isoniazid. Oral administration of 0.1-1.0 g of sodium usnic acid or 0.1-0.5 g of evosin (a preparation containing usnic acid and abbreviated aconitic acid) can improve some symptoms of tuberculosis, such as cough, loss of appetite, fever or intestinal tuberculous diarrhea, and even make the microscopic examination of tuberculosis negative. However, the observation is not perfect enough to draw a final conclusion. It seems that the improvement of the above symptoms is not the direct effect of the drug on tuberculosis, because the blood concentration can not reach the level of bacteriostatic concentration after oral administration. Some people think that it has no obvious effect on human tuberculosis. In the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with usnic acid in China, a certain curative effect has been observed.

Many studies have been carried out on the antibacterial mechanism of usnic acid. Some people think that it can inhibit the synthesis of protein, and others think that it is related to the exclusion of oxidative phosphorylation.

② The effect on bacteriotoxin and bacteriophage

When 0.2-0.4% usnic acid was mixed with tetanus toxin or diphtheria toxin or injected within 10 minutes after toxin injection, mice could tolerate twice the lethal dose of the toxin. 2 hours after inoculation with Diphtheria Bacillus, subcutaneous injection of 2 mg / kg usnic acid or mixed culture of the two before inoculation in guinea pigs had obvious protective effect. Among the experimental tetanus infection in mice, the combination of usnic acid and penicillin had the best effect. D-usnic acid (0.5-5 mg / ml) was proved to be effective against bacteriophages.

③ Effects on other pathogens

Usnic acid also inhibited protozoa and Trichomonas vaginalis. Oral administration of 100-150 mg / kg sodium usnate can kill Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola hepatica in sheep, and intramuscular injection can get better effect. For rabbit Schistosoma japonicum, because of its high toxicity, oral administration of 200 mg / kg / day of its derivative, anilines usnate, for 9 days, can also get good effect.

④ Other functions

For rats with partial hepatectomy, usnic acid can promote liver regeneration. It can reduce the utilization of glucose and the content of glycogen in isolated rat diaphragm. In anesthetized cats, 30 mg / kg of usnic acid was given intravenously. D-usnic acid significantly inhibited the cleavage and phosphorus uptake of starfish fertilized eggs, but had little effect on oxygen consumption. It can also inhibit the activity of α - glycerophosphate neotetrazolium reductase in granulocytes of ascites tumor cells. D-usnic acid has inhibitory effect on isolated guinea pig and frog heart; it has vasodilating effect on isolated rabbit ear and Toad lower limb perfusion; it has papaverine like effect on isolated rabbit intestines, paralyzing intestines and antagonizing spasm caused by barium chloride and acetylcholine; it also has relaxation effect on uterus, bronchi and intestines of rabbits and cattle. Intravenous injection of 10 mg / kg sodium usnate into anesthetized cats can rapidly and significantly enhance their respiration, increase ventilation, increase oxygen consumption, and raise body temperature for a long time. All these indicate that metabolism is enhanced, which is similar to dinitrophenol, and its toxicity is greater than that of dinitrophenol.

[taste] bitter and sweet, flat.

① Ben Jing: "it tastes bitter and flat. "

② Bielu: "sweet, nontoxic. "

③ Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine: "it tastes light and bitter, and its nature is cool. "

Functions and indications: clearing liver, resolving phlegm, hemostasis and detoxification. Treatment of headache, red eyes, cough, phlegm, malaria, scrofula, leucorrhea, metrorrhagia, traumatic bleeding, carbuncle swelling, snake bite.

① Ben Jing: "the main anger evil, stop sweating, head wind, female Yin cold swelling and pain. "

② Bielu: "the treatment of phlegm heat and warm malaria can be used to vomit soup and benefit water channel. "

③ "Treatise on medicinal properties": "to treat cold and heat, to spit phlegm and saliva in the chest, to remove head sores, and to treat galls on the neck. "

④ Rihuazi materia medica: "it's sleepy. "

⑤ "Gangmu Shiyi": "treatment of snake and tiger injuries, Tang fire burns and stubborn sores and other diseases. "

⑥ Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine: "stop bleeding, promote muscle growth, relieve pain, clear liver, clear eyes, remove clouds, lower blood pressure, regulate menstruation. Treatment of traumatic bleeding, stool blood, acute conjunctivitis, corneal cloudiness, headache, hypertension, irregular menstruation, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea, carbuncle, nameless swelling and poison. "

⑦ "Tibet commonly used Chinese herbal medicine": "Qingre Jiedu, Zhike Huatan. Treatment of traumatic infection, suppurative infection, snakebite, tuberculosis, cough, phlegm, neck lymphadenitis, mastitis. "

[usage and dosage] oral: decoction, 2-3 yuan. External use: decocting, washing or dressing.

[selection] ① treatment of corneal cloudiness: Herba Erigerontis. Decoct, wash and take orally.

② Treatment of wound and bleeding: moderate amount of Herba Erigerontis. Smash and apply to the wound.

③ Treatment of leucorrhea: four liang of tianpengcao. Burn ashes and take sweet wine.

④ For carbuncle and swelling, unknown swelling and poison: three coins of Herba Erigerontis, five coins of cortex mugenpi and two coins of Asarum. Grind fine powder together, mix and apply with water or wine. (Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine was selected)

[clinical application] 1

Take orally sodium usnate tablets or powder extracted from Usnea (unknown variety) for adults, 30 mg each time, 3 times a day, or 1.5 mg / kg / day. The drug should be stopped for one week after 3 months. Among the 30 cases of invasive pulmonary tuberculosis, 24 cases were cured, with an average cure time of 71.1 days; while in the chemotherapy group, only 17 cases were cured, with an average cure time of 110.9 days. In the course of medication, about 20% of the patients had stomach discomfort and individual stomachache; some patients had poor vision reaction due to impure drugs and long medication time. The above-mentioned side effects can be relieved by Jianwei medicine and cod liver oil, which does not affect the continued medication. There were two cases with elevated single transaminase, which returned to normal after 15-30 days of liver protection treatment.

② Treatment of chronic tracheitis

91 cases were observed with Usnea Decoction and three kinds of chemical extract tablets. The effective rate was about 60%. The average effective time was 5-7 days. Among the 56 cases, 8 cases were markedly effective and 26 cases were improved. Its main effect is antitussive and expectorant, and its effect is poor in relieving asthma. Preparation and usage: one Decoction: 1 liang of Usnea, add water to 200 ml, twice daily. Crude crystal of diprospinic acid (mixture I and II): prepared into tablets, 30 mg each. Take one tablet three times a day. Three sodium usnate tablets: 15 mg each. Take 2 tablets three times a day. Sisongluo III extract: made into tablets, 50 mg each. Take 2 tablets three times a day. All the above preparations were treated for 10 days. Side effects: dry mouth, dizziness and stomach noise after taking the medicine, which can disappear automatically after stopping. The toxicity test showed that the toxicity of large dose of usnic acid and its sodium salt mainly damaged the heart and liver, and could slow down the heart rate and blood pressure.

According to the compendium of famous experts, pines can calm the pathogenic liver and remove the cold and heat, while other herbs can spit, not pines. "

Chinese PinYin : Song Luo