Dioscorea nipponica

Dioscorea nipponica

(records of medicinal plants in Northeast China)

[synonyms] chuanlonggu and chuandilong (records of northeast medicinal plants), goushanyao (Hebei medicinal materials), shanchangshan (Shandong traditional Chinese Medicine), chuanshangu (Atlas of Chinese medicinal plants), huotenggen (Shaanxi traditional Chinese Medicine), fenpengsu, Huangjiang and tushanshu (records of Chinese economic plants), zhugenshu, tiegenshu, Xiongjiang and huangbian (Zhejiang folk commonly used herbs), dilonggu and Shanshu Huala, jinganggu (Hebei Traditional Chinese medicine manual), Chuanshanlong (northeast commonly used traditional Chinese medicine manual).

[source] it is the rhizome of Dioscorea nipponica.

[plant morphology] Dioscorea nipponica, also known as Dioscorea nipponica, Dioscorea nipponica and Parthenocissus tricuspidata.

Perennial twining herbs. Rhizome transverse, cylindrical, yellowish brown. Stem sinistral, 5 m long, almost glabrous. Leaves with long stalks, alternate, ovate or broadly ovate, 5-12 cm long, usually 5-7-lobed, base cordate, apical lobes with long tips, 9 veins, basal branches reticulate. Flowers yellow green, unisexual, dioecious: inflorescence axillary, drooping; male inflorescence compound spike, female inflorescence spike; male inflorescence small, bell shaped, perianth segment 6, stamen 6, inserted on perianth tube; female perianth 6, rectangular, stigma 3-lobed, lobes 2-lobed. Capsule obovate elliptic, 3-winged. Seeds with rectangular wings. The flowering period is from June to August. The fruit period is from August to October.

In the hillside forest edge, in the Bush, or ditch edge. It is distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, etc.

[collection] in autumn, the fine roots were removed, the cork was scraped off and dried in the sun.

[medicinal materials] the dried rhizome is cylindrical, 10-20 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter, with many irregular branches. It is yellowish brown in appearance, with many fine longitudinal lines and protruding fibrous root residues, and slightly resembling antlers. It is hard, light yellow and powdery in cross section, and most vascular bundles with pores are scattered. It tastes bitter. It is better to have thick and long rhizome, earthy yellow and hard quality.

Produced in Liaoning, Gulin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Zhejiang, Hebei, Shanxi and other places.

[chemical constituents] it contains diosgenin and other steroidal saponins. Diosgenin was produced by hydrolysis of total saponins. The content of diosgenin is about 1.5-2.6%. A small amount of 25-iso-spirosta-3,5-diene was isolated from the rhizome.

(1) antitussive effect

Mice were given oral total saponins, water-soluble or water-insoluble saponins, and molecular sieve No. 1 (ethanol reflux concentrate plus ethyl ether). Precipitates were precipitated. The aqueous solution of the precipitates was condensed and then screened by molecular sieve, with molecular sieve No. 1 and No. 2) or intraperitoneal injection. Diosgenin is ineffective. In addition, steroidal saponins are also effective at higher doses.

② Expectorant effect

The results showed that the total saponins, water-insoluble saponins, molecular sieve No.1 or intraperitoneal injection decoction had significant expectorant effect (phenol red method), but the water-soluble saponins had no significant effect. The main active components are steroidal saponins.

③ Antiasthmatic effect

Guinea pig oral molecular sieve No. 1 has antiasthmatic effect (histamine spray method), and molecular sieve No. 2 and Diosgenin are ineffective. The decoction has a preventive effect on bronchial spasm caused by histamine or acetylcholine spray. The anti asthmatic active ingredients are in the most polar part and steroidal saponins, but they need a large dose to be effective.

④ Cardiovascular effects

Total saponins 10 mg / kg can significantly reduce blood cholesterol and blood pressure in rabbits, delay heart rate, enhance cardiac contraction amplitude, increase urine volume, reduce the ratio of β / α lipoprotein, and improve coronary circulation. It is considered to be effective for patients with mild atherosclerosis. It was also reported that total saponins (3 mg / kg) had no significant effect on blood cholesterol level in experimental atherosclerotic rabbits, but reduced aortic plaque and liver fat deposition. Intragastric administration of 400 mg / kg for 3 days, followed by intraperitoneal injection of the same amount of drug on the third day, could significantly increase the coronary flow of mice (rubidium tracing method) and antagonize the vasoconstriction induced by pituitrin (rabbit electrocardiogram method), but it could increase the myocardial oxygen consumption of rats. Intravenous injection of water-soluble total saponins (70 mg / kg) could cause the decrease of blood pressure in anesthetized dogs, but duodenal administration did not Use.

[toxicity] the median lethal dose of the decoction was 9.9 g / kg in the first batch and 19 g / kg in the second batch. The median lethal dose of total saponins was 2.21 ± 0.14 g / kg.

[nature and taste] 1. Zhejiang folk commonly used herbs: "the nature is flat, the taste is bitter. "

② "Liaoning commonly used Chinese herbal medicine manual," sweet and bitter, warm. "

Functions and indications: promoting blood circulation and relaxing tendons, eliminating food and water, eliminating phlegm and malaria. It can treat wind cold dampness, chronic tracheitis, dyspepsia, strain and sprain, malaria, carbuncle and swelling.

① "Northeast medicine Zhi": "Shujin Huoxue, treatment of lumbocrural pain, numbness. "

② "Shandong traditional Chinese medicine": "treat wind cold dampness Bi. "

③ "Investigation of plant medicine in Shaanxi Province": "malaria control, pain relief, detumescence. "

④ "Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine": "treatment of cough, rheumatoid arthritis, Kaschin Beck disease, arthralgia, dyspepsia, malaria, traumatic injury, carbuncle, swelling and sores. "

[usage and dosage] oral administration: decoction, 0.5-1 Liang (fresh 1-2 Liang); or soaking in wine. External use: tamping fresh products.

[prescription selection] ① for lumbocrural pain and numbness of muscles and bones: fresh rhizomes of Dioscorea nipponica can be decocted five or six times in a pot of water, and brown sugar is more effective. (records of medicinal plants in Northeast China)

② Treatment of strain: Chuanshanlong five money. Brown sugar and yellow rice wine are fried in water. Once a day in the morning and once a day in the evening. (Zhejiang folk herbs)

③ Treatment of Kaschin Beck disease, lumbocrural pain: Chuanshanlong 22. Baijiu Baijiu, soaked for seven days. Take it one or two times a day. (Hebei Traditional Chinese medicine manual)

④ Treat flash waist fork, sprain pain: Chuanshanlong five money. Take it in water. (Hebei Traditional Chinese medicine manual)

⑤ Treatment of malaria: Fire vine root three money, frog seven, wild cotton each two money. Take it in water before onset. (Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine)

⑥ Treatment of carbuncle: fresh fire vine root, fresh with hemp root, etc. Mash and apply to the affected area. (Shaanxi Chinese herbal medicine)

⑦ Treatment of chronic tracheitis: fresh Chuanshanlong one or two. Peel and remove the root, wash and slice, add water, simmer for 2 hours, fry twice, combine the filtrate and concentrate to 100 ml. Take it twice in the morning and evening, 10 days as a course of treatment. (selected materials of new medical treatment of Chinese herbal medicine, Inner Mongolia)

[clinical application] ① treatment of chronic tracheitis

Chuanshanlong tablets (each containing 2.5G of crude drug) were used for the first course of treatment, 2 tablets each time, twice a day; for the second course of treatment, 2 tablets each time, 3 times a day. The effective rate of the first course was 80.8% and the marked effective rate was 30.8%; the effective rate of the second course was 84% and the marked effective rate was 60%. It has been proved that Chuanshanlong tablet is effective in treating cough, phlegm, asthma and inflammation, especially in relieving cough and eliminating phlegm. In TCM classification, spleen dampness type has higher curative effect. Also useful Chuanshanlong with Scutellaria baicalensis and Platycodon grandiflorum compound injection, every 2 ml contains 2 grams of the above crude drugs. Intramuscular injection, 2 ml twice a day. 6 days for a course of treatment, rest for 3 days before the second course of treatment, or continuous treatment for 12 days. After 1-2 courses of treatment, 61 cases (52.1%) were cured, 37 cases (31.6%) were markedly effective, and 19 cases (16.2%) were improved. Compound Chuanshanlong injection has a good expectorant effect, generally in 1-2 days after medication can make the sputum thin, then the amount of sputum significantly reduced, but the antitussive effect is not strong enough. During the treatment, some patients had increased appetite and improved sleep, and no adverse side effects were found. The results showed that the injection had bacteriostatic effect on Diplococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus A and Catacoccus.

② Treatment of acute suppurative osteoarthritis

Wash, slice and dry the roots of Dioscorea nipponica. Adults take 3 taels a day, children take 2 taels a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. 8 cases were treated and 5 cases were cured. Among them, 6 cases were complicated with sepsis, and the blood culture was positive (most of them were Staphylococcus aureus). Because the antibiotics could not be controlled, the obvious curative effect was obtained after adding Dioscorea nipponica.

③ Treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid adenoma

Take 20 kg of dried rhizome of Dioscorea nipponica for 60 Jin or flour, soak 1 kg of Baijiu Baijiu 100 weeks, then filtrate, filtrate distillate, then distilled liquor 600 ml in each 1000 ml of soak, then extract the extract of Dioscorea nipponica (0.5 grams per millilitre). Take it three times a day, 10-20 ml each time. 8 cases of thyroid tumor were observed, 7 cases were effective and 1 case was ineffective. After taking the medicine for about 20 days, the tumor began to show marked effect, and the original sense of suffocation disappeared; after taking the medicine for about 2 months, the tumor further shrank, and the texture became soft; generally, after taking the medicine for 3 months, the tumor did not appear. In 5 cases of hyperthyroidism, the symptoms of exophthalmos were significantly improved or even disappeared after taking the medicine. Palpitation, anorexia, hyperhidrosis of hands and tremor of hands were also improved in varying degrees, but the improvement of basal metabolic rate and iodine absorption rate was not significant. The effective time was about 1 month. After 2-3 months, the exophthalmos disappeared. Side effects: abdominal pain occurred in individual cases, which disappeared after drug withdrawal.

Chinese PinYin : Chuan Shan Long