Cold food festival (HanShi Jie)

ancient

Cold food festival, also known as "no smoking Festival", "cold Festival" and "hundred and five Festival", follows the ancient habit of changing fire. In early spring, the climate is dry. Not only the kindling kept by people is easy to cause fire, but also the occurrence of spring thunder is easy to cause mountain fire. In this season, the ancients had to carry out grand sacrificial activities to extinguish all the fires handed down from the previous year, that is, to "ban fire", and then drill the flint again to take out a new fire as the starting point of production and life in the new year, which was called "change fire" or "invite new fire". When changing the fire, a grand sacrificial activity should be held to burn the symbol of the valley God Ji, which is called human sacrifice. It formed the later no fire festival. There is an interval between banning fire and changing fire. Historical materials have different versions such as three days, five days and seven days.

During this time when there is no fire, people must prepare enough cooked food to live with cold food, which is called "cold food", so it is named "cold food festival". The cold food festival stretches for more than 2000 years and is known as the largest Memorial Day among the people.

spring and autumn

The fire ban festival was later transformed into a cold food festival to commemorate Jie Zitui, a famous official and righteous scholar of the state of Jin in the spring and Autumn period. It is said that during the exile of Duke Wen of Jin, Jie Zitui once cut shares to satisfy his hunger. Duke Wen of Jin returned to the country as a monarch and Marquis, enfeoffed all officials, and Du jiezitui refused to be rewarded. He lived in seclusion in Mianshan with his mother. Later, Duke Wen of Jin personally went to Mianshan to invite Jie Zitui. Jie Zitui didn't want to be an official. To avoid the mountain, Duke Wen of Jin set fire to the mountain. The original intention was to force Jie Zitui to appear. As a result, Jie Zitui was burned to death under a big willow tree with his mother in his arms. In order to commemorate the loyal minister and righteous man, Duke Wen of Jin ordered that on the day of Jie Zitui's death, he would not make a fire to cook, but would eat cold food, which is called the cold food festival.

Wei-Jin period

In the Han Dynasty, Shanxi people banned fire for a month to commemorate it. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao, Emperor Wu of Wei, ordered the abolition of this custom. "Yin punishment order" has such words, "I heard that Taiyuan, Shangdang and Yanmen will never eat cold food on the 15th day after the winter solstice, and clouds are pushed by children", which makes people not eat cold food. Offenders, parents half-year-old punishment, the main official 100 day punishment, ordered the governor to take a month's salary ". After the return of the Three Kingdoms to the Jin Dynasty, due to the same pronunciation and word as the "Jin" of the Jin State in the spring and Autumn period, they paid special attention to the anecdotes of the Jin land, and the custom of banning fire and cold food in memory of Jie Zitui resumed. However, the time was shortened to three days. At the same time, the saying that the cold food festival commemorates Jie Zitui has been extended to all parts of the country, so the cold food festival has become a national festival, and the prohibition of fire and cold food has become a common custom of the Han nationality.

Classics

The origin of the cold food festival is Mianshan, Jiexiu, Shanxi Province, which has a history of 2640 years (358 years earlier than the Dragon Boat Festival). According to the interpretation of "cold food festival" in Ciyuan and Cihai: in the spring and Autumn period, Jie Zitui lived in seclusion in Jiexiu Mianshan after assisting Prince Chong'er of Jin to recover the country. Duke Wen of Jin forced him to come out by burning the mountain. Zitui's mother and son burned themselves in hidden tracks. In order to mourn him, Duke Wen of Jin ordered to ban fire and cold food on the day of Zitui's death (150 days after the winter solstice), forming a cold food festival.

The records about the origin of the cold food festival originated from Jie Zitui's burning in Mianshan, Jiexiu. It was first found in Huantan, Western Han Dynasty, in "new treatise · Volume 11 · leaving things", and then successively published in "later Han Dynasty · records of prefectures · Taiyuan county", "later Han Dynasty · biography of Zhou Ju", Cao Cao's "Ming punishment order", "Jin Shu · biography of shile", Li Daoyuan's "notes to the water classics · Fenshui", and the Northern Wei Dynasty's "Qi people's important skill · cooking Li cheese" "Guixin miscellaneous knowledge" in the Southern Song Dynasty and "Sui Shi Guang Ji" by Chen Yuanliang in the Yuan Dynasty.

In history, the two festivals of cold food and Qingming are similar. Over time, they are combined into one festival. "Tang Huiyao · Volume 82 · vacation" clearly recorded: "on February 11, the 24th year of the (Kaiyuan) year, the imperial edict: cold food Qingming, and the fourth day is a holiday. On February 15, the 13th year of the Dali calendar, the imperial edict: since now, cold food Qingming, and a holiday of five days. To March 9, the sixth year of Zhenyuan, the imperial edict: cold food Qingming, should be allowed for the first day of the year, with three days before and after." Therefore, the Grand View of Chinese traditional culture contains: "roughly in the Tang Dynasty, the cold food festival and the Qingming Festival were integrated."

The cold food festival also has the nickname of "150", which is because the cold food festival is 105 days after the winter solstice. A poem by Su Zhe in the Song Dynasty, "new fire": "one hundred and fifty yesterday, the old sweet clover had cold food." Mei Yaochen of Song Dynasty wrote in his poem "the feeling of cold food in the journey of Yiyun and Lishe people": "on the 15th day, the wind and rain were fierce, and the fine spring suburban clothes floated obliquely."

Cold food and no fire put out the fire left in winter. In the Qingming Festival, we have to drill wood for fire again. Tang Dynasty poet Wang Biao's poem: "cold food, flowers bloom, thousands of trees and snow, and thousands of smoke come out of the Qingming fire."

The cold food festival originated in the spring and Autumn period when Jie Zitui was burned in Mianshan, Jiexiu. Duke Wen of Jin ordered to ban fire and cold food on the death day of Zitui and send mourning with cold food. By the Tang Dynasty, it had formed a national legal festival, which was later combined with the Qingming Festival. It was the earliest festival in Chinese traditional festivals. The cold food festival dates back to 2640 years. The duration of each historical period and festival varies. It has five days, one hundred and five days, January and three days, two, five and seven days, and finally becomes one day. From Jiexiu, Taiyuan county to all parts of the country.

By respecting Jie Zi, promoting the dedication of loyalty to the monarch, patriotism, success and retirement, and the political ambition of honesty and integrity, and the filial piety of not violating relatives, it has developed into an important festival to gather the hearts of the people, condense the soul of the country and embody the root culture of the Chinese nation. And form a series of cold food for health and longevity, such as oyster, green refined rice and so on.

During the cold food festival, there are tomb sweeping and exhibition, smoking prohibition, ancestor worship, cold food, willow planting, outing, Cuju, tree planting, swing, flower appreciation, cockfighting, banquet feeding, poetry chanting, etc. Many activities, such as giving banquets, enjoying flowers, cockfighting, carving chicken seeds, pulling hooks (tug of war), drilling wood for fire, flying kites, fighting grass, throwing stones (tile and stone toys), have greatly enriched the social life of ancient China.

prohibit cooking

Cold food festival was also called "no smoking Festival" in ancient times. Families were forbidden to make fire and ate cold food. However, due to the Chinese people's persistent pursuit of compassion for the sages, it was banned and prospered repeatedly from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the northern and Southern Dynasties, which was recognized and participated by the royal family in the Tang Dynasty. "And try new tea with new fire" in Su Shi's "looking at the detached stage of Jiangnan" refers to the poet's behavior of boiling tea after cold food. The folk custom of banning fire and cold food in Shanxi is mostly one day, and only a few places are still used to banning fire for three days.

Ancestor worship

Cold food festival tomb sweeping and ancestor worship were regarded as "wild sacrifice" before the northern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it was incorporated into the Kaiyuan ceremony "Volume 87: sweeping under the Prince (attached to cold food), which became one of the auspicious rites recognized and advocated by the official. Later, it evolved into a royal mausoleum; The government offered sacrifices to Confucius Temple and sages; People go to graves, etc. At that time, a family or a group of people went to the ancestral cemetery to offer sacrifices, add soil and Hang paper money. Then they scattered zituyan, snake and rabbit on the top of the grave, rolled them down, put them up with willow branches or needles, and put them on the high place of the house to touch the virtue of the ancestors.

diet

Cold food includes cold food porridge, cold food noodles, cold food pulp, green refined rice and rice; Cold food offerings include noodles swallow, snake dish rabbit, jujube cake, fine barley, Shenyu, etc; There are dozens of drinks, such as spring wine, new tea, Qingquan sweet water and so on. Most of them have profound meanings, such as offering food to snake and rabbit. There is a popular saying that "snake and rabbit must be rich", which means hoping for the prosperity of the people and the strength of the country; Zi tuiyan, taking Jiexiu dialect "Niannian", does not forget to introduce and promote high moral integrity.

People in southern Shanxi are used to eating jelly, cold noodles, cold cakes and so on. In northern Shanxi, it is customary to stir fry Qi (that is, steamed cake noodles or white noodles are cut into dice sized squares and fried yellow with earth after drying) as food on cold food days. In some mountainous areas, the whole family eats fried noodles on this day (i.e. fried grains, mixed with all kinds of preserved fruits and ground into noodles).

During the cold food festival, the folk custom celebrates the cold swallow by steaming it. The flying swallow, songbirds, animals, melons and fruits, flowers and so on, which are kneaded with flour as big as a thumb, are colored after steaming and inserted on the needle of the sour jujube tree to decorate the room and give it as a gift.

Inserted willow

Liu is a symbol of the cold food festival. It was originally meant to miss Jie Zitui and pursue political clarity. As early as the northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a record of "breaking willows and inserting willows at home during the cold food day between the Yangtze and Huaihe rivers". Mustard flowers and wheat leaves were also popular in Anhui, Suzhou and other places to replace willow branches. According to the historical records of various places, "insert willows in the grave", "fold willow branches and mark them in the house", "insert them in the eaves and in the willow bedroom stove", "also wear their heads or tie their clothes", "store bottles and offer them to Buddha gods" and "insert willows in all doors". Therefore, there is a folk saying that "in Qingming (cold food), if you don't wear willows, your beauty becomes white head".

Outing

Also known as spring outing, it flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties. Song Li Zhiyan's "what I saw in Donggu" contains: "after paying a visit, I will visit with my brother, wife, relatives and friends, and return home with joy". The scene of outing in Beijing in "a brief introduction to the scenery of the emperor" of the Ming Dynasty is as follows: "at the age of (cold food), in the Qing Dynasty and tomorrow, all people go outing, and there are tens of thousands of tourists, including those who travel, ride, walk and so on." It is extremely prosperous.

swing

The swing was originally a palace women's amusement project in the ancient cold food festival. "The legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao" written by Wang Renyu of the Five Dynasties states that "during the cold food festival in the Tianbao palace, swings were erected, which made the palace concubines laugh and entertain. The emperor called it a semi immortal play, which was called by the sergeants and the people". In the poem "the cold food day crossed the Longmen" written by Wen Yanbo, the Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty, it is described as "willows and willows hanging green lines on the bridge, and swing hanging colorful ropes."

Cuqiu

Popular in the Tang Dynasty, the general examination of literature in the Song Dynasty contains: "the cover of Cuqiu began in the Tang Dynasty. Plant two slender bamboos, several feet high, and network on the top, so as to measure the ball for the door. The ball work points are about friends, and win or lose with horns." History records: Tang Dezong, Xianzong, muzong and Jingzong all like Cuqiu. The "state capital Yuangui" contains: "the East Pavilion of the emperor's imperial Qi hall during the cold food festival in February of the 12th year of Zhenyuan, Tang Dezong watches the martial ministers and the children of Xun Qi to play ball, and gives the prime minister a banquet." The Song Dynasty also had the painting of Taizu Cuju.

chant poems

During the cold food festival, writers either miss their hometown and relatives, or take advantage of the scenery to express their feelings. They have many feelings, inspiration, poetry and chants. According to investigation, there are more than 300 poems by famous poets such as Tang Xuanzong, Zhang Shuo, Du Fu, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, and more than 100 poems and songs in song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which has become a wonderful flower in the art of Chinese poetry.

Clean intestines

Cold food festival to collect wild vegetables in the field, not only exercise, but also meet the needs of the human body, killing two birds with one stone. Finally, let's talk about the spiritual adjustment in spring health preservation. Women hurt the spring. During the cold food festival, they come out to relax and enjoy the spring outing, which can prevent mental diseases. Although men don't hurt spring, when their liver Qi is too high and they are prone to mental disorders in spring, they cherish the memory of their ancestors and place their grief on them, which plays a role in overcoming anger. It is quite good for the conditioning of the liver. After five thousand years of cultural nourishment, cold food and Qingming are combined into one, which has become a festival to cherish the memory of old people and inspire new people.

folk custom

Cold food festival is a festival set up by Duke Wen of Jin in the spring and Autumn period to commemorate Jie Zitui. It has a history of 2640 years. It has continued through all dynasties and has never stopped. Although it was banned for many times by Zhou Ju of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, shile of the later Zhao Dynasty and Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was banned and prospered repeatedly, and the cold food custom spread all over the country and went deep into the hearts of the people. In accordance with the public opinion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued an edict to incorporate the cold food festival to visit the exhibition tomb into the "Kaiyuan ceremony" and set it as a national legal long holiday. A variety of cold food activities have enriched social life, enhanced social interpersonal harmony, and played an important role in alleviating social contradictions and promoting the continuous progress of the society. Jie Zitui's political ambition of worrying about the country and the people, being loyal to the monarch and patriotic, being honest and clean, and the dedication of "not talking about merit" and retiring after success are the ethical norms of ancient society and the link of social stability and national unity. It still has important practical significance today.

The connotation of cold food culture with loyalty and filial piety as the core and the integrity extended from loyalty and filial piety are the essence of Jiezi spirit, the core of Chinese traditional morality, the foundation of national root culture, and the moral force to maintain national and family unity. Nowadays, it is an important activity mode and spiritual concept to gather the hearts of the people, condense the soul of the country, realize the peaceful reunification of the motherland and build a harmonious society. The political clarity pursued by Jie Zitui is the unanimous wish of the broad masses of the people for thousands of years, and has far-reaching practical significance for the construction of contemporary democratic politics.

In addition, it has evolved into today's "Tourism Golden Week" from the seven day youth tour during the winter food festival in the palace in the Tang Dynasty; From cold food and fire prohibition to today's forest protection and fire prevention; From cold eating willow planting to today's national afforestation; From Cuju to today's football popular all over the world, the significance is far-reaching and can not be underestimated. At the same time, the evolution of the cold food festival in 2640 years is a reflection of the ideology of multiple strata in ancient Chinese society and one of the important clues for the contemporary study of ancient Chinese sociology.

Culture

Historically, the cold food festival has evolved from commemorating Jie Zi and banning smoking and cold food to paying homage to ancestors. The concept of loyalty, filial piety and integrity contained in it is fully in line with the traditional moral core that ancient Chinese countries need loyalty and families need filial piety, and has become an important carrier of family harmony and social stability. In modern times, cold food festival has become an important form of remembering revolutionary martyrs and educating teenagers. At the same time, during the cold food festival, compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese return home to visit tombs and worship their ancestors, which has become an important festival to inherit the Chinese nation's ancestral culture and reflect national identity and cohesion. The ancient ancestors' persistence in banning smoking and cold food on the cold food festival expressed their unswerving remembrance of the ancient sages Jiezi Tui. There are dozens of cold foods and beverages, most of which have profound implications. For example: offering food to snake and rabbit, Jiexiu custom has the saying that "snake and rabbit must be rich", which means that the country is rich and the people are strong; Offering food to Yan Mian, Jiexiu dialect is to educate future generations to "read" and not forget jiegong's high integrity. The cold food festival inserts willows, which means the pursuit of political clarity.

There are many special repertoires of Jin opera, Yuan Opera and modern Jin opera. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the legends, stories and inscriptions about Jie Zitui have also become important historical materials for the study of folk literature and epigraphy in the three Jin Dynasties.

Art

During its development, the cold food festival has produced many literary works: "Zuo Zhuan · the twenty fourth year of the Duke of Xi", "Jie Zi Tui Buyan Lu", which has been repeatedly cited by historical works such as historical records and Zizhi Tongjian. It was included in the enlightenment reading of ancient Chinese in the Qing Dynasty, "Guwen Guanzhi", and the first article in "appreciation of Chinese prose" is "Jie Zi Tui Buyan Lu", It has become one of the classic works of Chinese ancient prose. In the poetry works of previous dynasties, the poems that chant the cold food festival have never stopped from Qu Yuan in the Warring States period, sun Chu in the Western Jin Dynasty to modern times. There are nearly 300 poems in the whole Tang Dynasty alone, and more than 100 poems and Yuanqu in the Song Dynasty, involving historical celebrities such as Tang Xuanzong and Zhang Shuo, as well as representatives of Du Fu, Bai Juyi and the eight masters of the Tang and Song dynasties. They have become important materials for studying the development history of Chinese poetry.

poetry

Qingming Festival

Author: [Tang] Du Mu

A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning Day; The mourner's heart is going to break on his way.

Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua village in the distance.

"Hundred word order · Ding you Qingming"

Author: [Qing] li e

Spring is old, hate every year's worries, spring can be restrained. The garden is empty forever, and the two swallows speak, folding the length of the wicker. Looking at the sky with white eyes, green robes look like grass. I feel lazy when singing. Fumen lane is filled with falling flowers early.

At that time, I was used to playing with spring companions in the old city. After laughing at the peach man, several leaves are deep and shallow. Throwing elm money, fine hanging Tung milk, still provoke hairspring to turn. Where are you looking? The sky is far away and the mountains are far away!

"Lu men impromptu"

Author: [Tang] Zhang Ji

The ploughman enlists love building ships, and the spring grass is green, and ten thousand fields.

Try Wu men peeping at County Guo. There are new cigarettes in several places during the Qingming Festival.

Qingming Festival

Author: [song] Wang Yuqiao

No flowers, no wine, Qingming, like a wild monk.

Yesterday, the neighbors begged for a new fire, and the dawn window was divided into reading lights.

"Su Di's Tomb Sweeping Day"

Author: [song] Wu Weixin

The wind of pear blossoms is rising, and the Tomb Sweeping Day is coming. Wanderers are half out of the city in search of spring.

At dusk, when the song is sung, ten thousand willows are migratory warblers.

"Cold food on the grave"

Author: [song] Yang Wanli

What a fine man! Bridge danger can be avoided?

The distant mountain maple is light outside, and the broken house is lonely by the wheat.

The spring breeze of the old grass is again, and the new Qian is gone.

Pear blossoms eat cold food and only worry about the rest of the festival.

"On the outskirts of the country"

Author: [song] Cheng Hao

The grass and green fields act freely, and the spring enters the surrounding green mountains.

Xing zhuluan red through the willow lane, solid because of the running water to sit in Teji.

Don't say goodbye to the wine. I'm afraid the wind flower will be red.

The weather is clear and bright. You might as well travel and never forget to return.

Sending Chen Xiucai back to the provincial tomb

Author: [Ming] Gao Qi

Full of blood, tears and dust, returning home after chaos can also be sad.

How many descendants come from the grave after eating the pear flowers in the wind and rain?

"Qingjiang River leads Qingming Day to travel"

Author: [Ming] Wang pan

Ask where smoking is prohibited in the West building? The green field is clear. Horses hiss through willows, people smile on the swing, and exploring Yinghua always teaches spring to get drunk.

"Renxu Tomb Sweeping Day"

Author: [late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty] Qu Dajun

The morning is light and cold, and the evening is overcast. I don't feel the depth of spring in my sorrow.

Falling flowers have tears because of wind and rain, and birds sing ruthlessly since ancient times.

The country is dreamy, and the Chinese people are sold again.

The dragon and snake return to nowhere, and the cold food is pathetic and hospitable every year.

"Offering the sheriff on a cold day"

Author: [Tang] Wu Tangyu

You can laugh and feel pity at the beginning. There are three paths of moss and a fishing boat.

I'm ashamed that my neighbors taught me to cut off the fire. I don't know that the kitchen has been smoke-free for a long time.

The second chapter of cold food

Author: [Tang] Wu Yuanheng

Willows hang on the nine QUS, and flowers float in the snow.

How haggard people are, this Fangfei Festival.

"Cold food wild view"

Author: [Tang] Xiong Rudeng

There are no relatives in a year.

Don't plant flowers and trees on the mound. Spring doesn't concern the people under the spring.

"Book of cold food mountain Museum"

Author: [Tang] Lai Hu

In the mountain Pavilion alone, I hate floating Peng every season.

The grass color of the invading steps continued to rain, and the pear flowers on the ground were windy last night.

The soul of Shu cries lonely in spring, and the moon is hazy after the soul of Chu sings.

Clearly remember the dream of returning home. Xu Ru lived in the east of the lake in front of his house.

Cold food in the suburbs

Author: [Tang] Guan Xiu

I will cross the cold river with the stone.

The flowers in the tombs are stained with wine, and the forest birds learn to sing.

White water penetrates the disease of Wuhu, and the new mist is low.

I can't look back. My home is in the west of Chisong.

"Watching flowers with cold food"

Author: [Tang] Zhang Ji

Enter the public gate early and return at night. Don't have less leisure because of cold food.

Crazy around the tree, the ape leaves the lock and enthusiastically breaks the fetters on the edge of the horse.

Wine and dirty clothes laugh from guests, and drunk words find flowers to know.

The old man comes from the happy and often nothing. He looks up to the west garden to chant poetry.

Calligraphy

"Cold food post": also known as "Huangzhou cold food poem post" or "Huangzhou cold food post".

One said, "I have come to Huangzhou for three cold days. I want to cherish spring every year. Spring can't be regretted. Now it's raining bitterly, and the autumn is bleak in two months. I lie down and smell the sea

Tanghua, mud, swallow and snow. It's powerful to steal the negative in the middle of the night. He Shu is a young man with special disease. He has white beard when he gets sick. "

The second said, "the spring river is about to enter the house, and the rain is coming. The cabin is like a fishing boat, covered with water and clouds. The empty cook cooks cold vegetables, and the broken stove burns wet reeds. It is known that it is cold food, but I see black paper. The king's gate is nine deep, and the tomb is ten thousand miles away. I also intend to cry, but I can't afford to blow the dead ash.".

painting