Zhang Huangyan

Zhang Huangyan

Zhang Huangyan

(July 8, 1620 - October 25, 1664)

Mysterious works

, No

Cangshui

He was born in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province (now Yinzhou District, Ningbo City). He was Han nationality. He was a Confucian general, poet and national hero in the Southern Ming Dynasty.

In Chongzhen period, he was an official of the Ministry of war of the Southern Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Shunzhi (the first year of Hongguang in Nanming Dynasty, 1645), after the fall of Nanjing, they fought against the Qing Dynasty with Qian Sule and others. Later, Zhu Yihai, king of Lu, contacted 13 peasant armies, cooperated with Zheng Chenggong and Li Changxiang, personally led the troops to more than 20 cities in Anhui, and persisted in the anti Qing struggle for nearly 20 years. In the third year of Kangxi (1664), with the death of emperor Yongli, King Lu, and Zheng Chenggong, Zhang Huangyan saw that the situation was over. He disbanded the rebel army on xuanluo Island (now Xiangshan South of Zhejiang Province) in Nantian and lived in seclusion. He was captured in 1956 and killed in Hangzhou. Before he died, he wrote a poem of Jueming. Posthumous title

Martyr

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Most of his poems and essays were written in his fighting career, simple and solemn, showing the writer's patriotic enthusiasm for the country and the people. There is a book named Zhang cangshui in the world. Zhang Huangyan, Yue Fei and Yu Qian are called "three heroes of the West Lake". The History Museum of Qing Dynasty established a biography for him, and the history of Ming Dynasty has a biography. In 1776, Emperor Qianlong pursued his posthumous title as a martyr and entered the Zhongyi temple, where he was included in the records of the ministers who died in the imperial victory Dynasty.

Life of the characters

Early years

On June 9, 1620, Zhang Huangyan was born into a bureaucratic family in Fuyin County, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province. His father, Zhang Guizhang, was a magistrate of Shanxi salt transportation department in 1624. His mother, Zhao, died at the age of 12, so she grew up with his father. In his youth, Zhang Huangyan was ambitious, generous and fond of discussing the art of war.

In the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), Zhang Huangyan took part in the county examination at the age of 16, and investigated riding and archery. All the three arrows he shot hit the target. No one who took the examination with him was surprised.

In 1642, Zhang Huangyan was elected in the examination. At that time, the peasant uprising led by Li Zicheng was burning all over the country, and the rule of the Ming Dynasty was in danger. Therefore, the imperial court began to pay attention to the cultivation of talents with both civil and military skills. Although Zhang Huangyan studied the literature, he still had to test some military subjects urgently needed in the war. During the examination, the imperial court "made the examinees" try to shoot at the same time "because of the" military urgency ", while Zhang Huangyan" hit all three shots ", which surprised those present. In addition, he always pays attention to the current situation and is "generous and good at discussing military affairs", so people around him have more respect for him.

Going south to resist the enemy

In the second year of Shunzhi (the first year of Hongguang in Nanming Dynasty, 1645), the Qing army went down to Yangzhou, Nanjing, Jiading (now Jiading District of Shanghai) and Hangzhou. Some of the civil and military officials in Ningbo fled in a panic, while others planned to surrender. Twenty five year old Zhang Huangyan came forward and joined the army. At that time, members of the Ministry of justice, such as Francis Qian Si Le, gathered in Town God's Temple, Zhang Huangyan. He also sent a table to Tiantai (now Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province) to ask King Zhu of Lu to go to the north of the sea to supervise the state. He was taught to write in the Imperial Academy. After the Qing army broke Hangzhou, Zhang Huangyan fled with the king of Lu to the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian, and occupied Zhoushan.

In May of the third year of Shunzhi (the second year of Longwu and 1646), the Qing Dynasty conquered the Qiantang River. Shaoxing, Hangzhou, Yiwu, Jinhua and other cities were lost one after another. The Southern Ming clan's Le'an princes, Chu princes and Jinping princes died in Jinhua. The king of Lu was escorted by Shipu garrison general Zhang Mingzhen from Taizhou to Zhoushan. Then Zhang Huangyan rushed back to his hometown in Yin county to bid farewell to his father, stepmother, wife and children, and followed the king of Lu to Zhoushan. However, Huang binqing, the general of Zhoushan and the Marquis of Longwu emperor, refused to accept it, and the king of Lu had to flee to Changyuan, Fujian. Soon after, the king of Lu went to Xiamen, and Zhang Mingzhen stayed in Zhoushan for standby. After the situation was settled, Zhang Huangyan and Zhang Mingzhen returned to eastern Zhejiang and Zhoushan to organize the recruitment of volunteers. Zhang Huangyan was granted the official post of the censor of youjindu by the king of Lu.

In the fourth year of Shunzhi (the first year of Yongli and 1647), Wu shengzhao, the governor of Susong in the Qing Dynasty, wanted to stay in Suzhou. Before the incident, he contacted Zhang Mingzhen, Marquis of Dingxi, for support. Zhang Huangyan advised Zhang Mingzhen to help Wu shengzhao, and Zhang Mingzhen ordered Zhang Huangyan to be the supervisor of the army, with Xu Fuyuan as the deputy. Departing from cenjiang (Cengang, Zhoushan, Zhejiang) on April 6. Unexpectedly, on April 13, he was defeated by a storm on Chongming Island. More than ten generals, such as Shen TingYang, the left servant of Zhezhi Navy, and Cai Cong (Huang binqing's wife and uncle), were captured by the Qing army and died on July 3. Zhang Huangyan also capsized the ship due to the hurricane, fell into the hands of the Qing army for seven days, found the opportunity to escape to the sea. When passing through Huangyan, he was surrounded by the chasing Qing army and shot with arrows. Zhang Huangyan led several cavalry to stand out and surround him. Since then, he has worked harder to practice riding and shooting. In the east of Zhejiang Province, he recruited Jieyi army to defend Pinggang village in Shangyu county. At that time, many local villages often plundered the people, but Zhang Huangyan and Wang Yi told their subordinates not to disturb the people, which won the support of the people.

In July of the eighth year of Shunzhi (the fifth year of Yongli and 1651), the Qing General Zhang Tianlu left Fenshuiguan in Chongan (now Wuyishan City in Fujian Province), Ma Jinbao left Haimen in Taizhou, and Chen Jin, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, left Dinghai and attacked Zhoushan separately. Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan sent troops to Wusong to contain the main force of the Qing army. Zhang KENTANG, a bachelor, Liu Shixun, a general of Anyang, Ruan Jin, a governor of dangbei, and Zhang Mingyang, the left governor, were left behind. 18000 people died in Zhoushan. They were buried at the foot of Longfeng Mountain in the north of Haicheng. Afterwards, the general of the Qing Dynasty said to himself, "our army going south, Jiangyin, Jingxian and Zhoushan, are the three cities most difficult to attack."

In August of the tenth year of Shunzhi (the seventh year of Yongli and 1653), Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan, the Minister of the Ministry of military supervision, led 500 or 600 warships northward to the sandbanks of Chongming in the Yangtze Estuary. The Qing army in Chongming city was too limited to fight and was surrounded for eight months. The Ming army took Chongming and nearby sandbanks as its base. As a file of the Qing Dynasty said, "building polders for farming, ten miles away from the city, there are a lot of thieves. The common people are facing each other in food, and it is difficult to support them in famine. Those who use for me are languid and ready to die, while those who use for thieves are thriving. " "Chongming's rice producing villages are located in front of Pingyang mountain, East and West Fusha, and now they are occupied by thieves."

In the 11th year of Shunzhi (the 8th year of Yongli and 1654), Zhang Jun entered the Yangtze River three times, which is the famous battle of entering the Yangtze River three times.

United with Zheng Kangqing

In the 12th year of Shunzhi (the ninth year of Yongli and 1655), Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan entered the Yangtze River three times and arrived at Yanziji. Because of their weak military strength, they returned to Zhoushan in vain. They recovered Zhoushan together with Ganhui and Chen Liuyu from Zhengchenggong, and Zhang Mingzhen went to the city to search for his mother's corpse and moved the three armies. At the end of the year, Zhang Mingzhen died suddenly. Before he died, he said, "I have not reported my kindness to your mother. If my mother's body is not found, I will not take my remains." After speaking, he sat up, hit the bed and died, still alive. Later, he was buried in Nan'ao village, Goushan, Putuo. Zhang Mingzhen's original will was led by Zhang Huangyan, but Zheng Chenggong ordered Chen Liuyu to take over. The following year, the Qing army occupied Zhoushan again, and Chen Liuyu was killed in battle. Under the recommendation of the soldiers, Zhang Huangyan became the main leader of the army of the former Lu imperial system and continued to fight with Zheng Chenggong.

In the 15th year of Shunzhi (the 12th and 1658 years of Yongli), Emperor Yongli granted Zheng Chenggong the title of Yanping county king and Zhang Huangyan the title of Zuo Shilang of the Ministry of war. In the same year, the Qing army entered Yunnan and Guizhou, Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan marched into Zhejiang, conquered Yueqing (now Yueqing in Wenzhou, Zhejiang) and Ninghai (now Ninghai County, Ningbo, Zhejiang) and other places, encountered a typhoon in Yangshan, lost more than 100 warships, lost more than 8000 soldiers, and was forced to withdraw to Xiamen.

In the 16th year of Shunzhi (the 13th year of Yongli and 1659), Zhang Huangyan and Zheng Chenggong led the volunteers to fight in the Yangtze River again in order to contain the Qing army who attacked Yunnan and Guizhou on a large scale. First, the rebels arrived and occupied Chongming. Zhang Huangyan suggested to Zheng Chenggong that "Chongming, Jiangmen and Haimen households" should first "camp here" and take a short rest to make sure that the volunteers "have a basis for advance and retreat". But Zheng Chenggong didn't listen. At that time, the Western army stationed on both sides of the Yangtze River (known as "Tiesuo" and stationed on both sides of the Yangtse River) was quite strong. Zhang Huangyan, however, led the volunteers in 17 boats to cleverly destroy the river defense line. With the cooperation of Zheng Jun, the backup troops, they "crossed the river" and captured Guazhou in June. After conquering Guazhou, Zhang Huangyan proposed to Zheng Chenggong to capture Zhenjiang with all his strength. However, Zheng Chenggong worried that the Qing army stationed in Jiangning (Nanjing) would rush to support him. Zhang Huangyan argued that a navy of boat division could be sent to attack the north gate of Jiangning, that is, Guanyin gate, so that "the Qing army in Nanjing had no time to help.". At the same time, he also suggested that the water army should go up the river and go to Wuhu to prevent the Qing army from coming to help. Zheng Chenggong took the advice and ordered him to attack Nanjing. At this time, the number of volunteers led by Zhang Huangyan was less than 10000, and the number of boats crossing the river was less than 100. Not long after, Zhang Huangyan conquered Yizhen and marched into Liuhe. Along the way, he was warmly welcomed by the people along the river, and "Yizheng officials and people's territory was fifty miles away.". After learning that Zheng Chenggong had conquered Zhenjiang, Zhang Huangyan wrote a letter to Zheng Chenggong, saying that he would "pacify the counties of Jiajiang first" and then March from land to Nanjing. However, Zheng Chenggong did not take his advice and "actually enter from waterway". As a result, the favorable fighters were lost in an instant, and the Qing army in Nanjing was able to take a breath and get backup to consolidate the city defense.

On June 28, Zhang Huangyan's army arrived directly on the river outside the gate of Guanyin in Nanjing. After staying for two days, Zheng's army did not arrive. He had to send other generals to lead dozens of boats to attack Wuhu. He led his army to Pukou. After Zheng Chenggong led the "Navy" to Wuhu, Zhang Huangyan arrived in Wuhu on July 7, where he divided the rebel troops into four routes to attack the city and seize the land

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Huang Yan