Shen Deqian

Shen Deqian

Shen Deqian (December 24, 1673 to October 6, 1769) was born in Changzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. Minister, poet and famous scholar in Qing Dynasty.

In the first year of Qianlong's reign (1736), he recommended the study of Hongci. In the fourth year of Qianlong's reign (1739), he was awarded the title of "Jiangnan old famous scholar" at the age of 67. In 1749, he was promoted to minister of rites. In 1757, he was given the title of minister of rites. In 1765, he was granted the title of doctor Guanglu and crown prince Taifu.

Qianlong 34 years (1769) died of illness, 97 years old, as a gift to the prince Taishi, worship Xianliang temple, posthumous Wen Court (Qu è). Later, because he was involved in Xu Shukui's case, he was killed by the ancestral temple.

As a member of Ye Xie's family, Shen Deqian discussed the "style" of the poet and advocated the gentle and honest poetry teaching. Most of his poems are praises, but a few of them reflect the sufferings of the people. He is the author of the complete collection of Shen Guiyu's poems and essays. There are also ancient poetry source, Tang poetry, Ming poetry and Qing poetry, which are widely spread.

Life of the characters

Huajia Jinshi

Shen Deqian was born in zhudun village, fengmenwai County, Suzhou (now yangzhitang, Gusu District, Suzhou City) on November 17, 1673. In his early years, he was poor. He inherited his father's career from the age of 23. He made a living as an apprentice in the school and spent more than 40 years in the school. Although the situation was not satisfactory, he did not abandon his studies. He studied hard in his spare time. Before the age of 16, he had read Zuozhuan, Hanfeizi, weiliaozi and other books. He learned poetry from Ye Xie in his early years. He once claimed that he had won the great significance of Ye Xie's poetics. His conceit can be seen from his so-called "not only skin and bone, but also marrow".

Shen de was keen on fame and achievement, but such a talented scholar failed in the imperial examination repeatedly. In 1694, he was recorded as Xiang Sheng of Changzhou County, and failed in the examination repeatedly in 40 years. In 1734, he was denounced by the imperial court and his poems were forbidden to spread.

"I feel that time is like a passer-by, but I can't hear it when I'm 40 years old. In the middle of the night, I listen to the residual rain in the lonely house, and the beautiful people from afar gather at dusk." The sense of desolation and the feeling of unwilling loneliness are beyond expression.

Since he took the local examination at the age of 22, he took the imperial examination seventeen times. Finally, he won the imperial examination in 1739, when he was 67 years old. From then on, he became an official and enjoyed the honor of Qianlong.

Emperor CI minister

In the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), he was granted the title of editor of Hanlin Academy. The next year, he moved to Zuo zhongyun. Lei Qian Shi Du, Zuo Shu Zi, Shi Shushi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi.

At this time, Shen Deqian was over seventy years old. Emperor Qianlong called him to discuss the source of poetry in the past dynasties. He had a broad knowledge of the past and the present, and he was very appreciative of him. He called him an old man in the south of the Yangtze River, and said to the ministers, "the friendship between Shen Deqian and I started with poetry and ended with poetry."

In the 12th year of Qianlong (1747), he was ordered to walk in the Shangshu room and promoted to the Minister of rites. The next year, he served as the Deputy examiner of the HKCEE.

In 1749, Shen Deqian begged for his return. Qianlong ordered him to become an official with the original product. Later, he wrote a preface for his "Guiyu poetry note" and gave him dozens of "imperial poems". In the poem, he is compared to Li (BAI), Du (Fu), Gao (QI) and Wang (Shizhen).

At the age of 77, Shen Deqian resigned from his official post and returned to Li. He lived in Mudu Shantang street. He wrote books and works, and was the lecturer of Ziyang Academy in Suzhou. He inspired later generations with his poems and essays, which won great praise. Later, he was authorized to build a ancestral hall in Suzhou, which is located in the west of Keyuan in the north of Canglang Pavilion.

In the first month of the 17th year of Qianlong (1752), Qianlong called for a quyan, which coincided with Deqian's 80th birthday. Therefore, he was inscribed with a plaque saying "crane's nature is loose".

In 1757, the title of minister of rites was added. During that time, he begged for his parents' life. Qianlong granted three generations of canons and poems. One of them said, "I love Qiande, and the pure wind brings ancient blessings." "The emperor loves Shen Qiande, and I admire him for being stupid," he said Shen Deqian's name "Deqian" and his name "Guiyu" were skillfully embedded in the poems of giving and harmonizing, which was once said to be a grand event in the art circle.

In the 27th year of Qianlong's reign, the emperor went on a tour to the south, and Shen Deqian and Qian Chenqun drove to Changzhou. Qianlong gave them poems and called them "great elders". Thirty years later, Emperor Qianlong went on a tour to the south again, and Shen Deqian still drove to Changzhou, added the crown prince and Taifu, and gave them sun Weixi.

Honor and disgrace after death

On September 7, 1769, Shen Deqian died at the age of 97. He was granted the title of crown prince and grand master, and was granted the posthumous title of Wen Harcourt. Qianlong also wrote elegy for him. Qian (Chen Qun) and Shen (Shen) were called "two elders in Southeast China", which was a great honor for a time.

In 1778, a case of Xu Shukui's poems occurred in Dongtai County, Jiangsu Province. The poems in yizhulouji written by Xu Shukui, the late Juren, were considered to be against the imperial court and caused a literary inquisition. Shen Deqian was implicated in writing biographies for Xu. In his fury, Emperor Qianlong personally issued a decree to seize the rank of Shen Deqian, strike the ancestral temple, cut the seal and the stele. All the glory of Shen's family was in vain in an instant.

Main impact

On Poetry

Shen Deqian was influenced by Ye Xie when he was young, but he could not inherit the positive factors in Ye Xie's theory. His tenet of poetry is mainly found in the preface and common examples of shuoshuiyu, the source of ancient poetry, the anthology of Tang poetry, the anthology of Ming poetry and the anthology of Guochao Poetry (later called the anthology of Qing Poetry). Shen Deqian emphasizes that poetry serves for feudal politics, and shuoshuiyu begins by saying: "poetry is the way to reason, to be good at things, to feel ghosts and gods, to set up a state of education and to deal with princes, and to put such emphasis on it." At the same time, he advocated "gentleness, gentleness, and honesty are the most important principles" (in shuoshi Yu), and advocated the Confucian traditional "poetry education".

In terms of artistic style, he stresses "style", so his poetic theory is generally called "style theory". The so-called "style" originally refers to the rhythm and tone of poetry, but also refers to the magnificent and varied aesthetic feeling. His theory originated from the seven sons in Ming Dynasty, so Shen respected the seven sons in Ming poetry and rejected gong'an and jingling. On poetry physique, he lived in Tang Dynasty and dethroned Song Dynasty.

His so-called "Ge" is "can't surpass the three Tang Dynasty's Ge" (Shuo Shi Shuo Yu volume), "poetry to Tang Dynasty, brilliance is extremely prosperous, the system is well prepared", and "song and Yuan Dynasties become humble" (Tang Shi BIE Cai Ji · Fan Li) in essence, the same as before and after the Ming Dynasty's seven sons advocated to promote the Tang Dynasty and suppress the Song Dynasty. The so-called "tone" emphasizes the importance of temperament. He said: "poetry uses sound, and its subtlety lies in its cadence and resistance to falling. The readers chant quietly according to the stanzas. They feel that it's difficult to write in the front voice and it's wonderful to sing other stories. Zhu Ziyun said: "satire and chant is to prosper, and inculcation is to embody." It's really fun to read poetry. "

However, the significance of Shen's poetics is actually different from that of the seven sons of Ming Dynasty. Because the most important and fundamental premise of his poetry theory is to ask for "poetry education" which is beneficial to the ruling order and "gentle and honest". In the first section of shuoshi Yu, it is said that "poetry is the way to reason, to be good at things, to feel ghosts and gods, to set up a state of education and to deal with princes, and to use such emphasis."

First of all, it is beneficial to feudal politics to determine the value of poetry. He also said that "his words have substance" and "his original temperament", but he proposed that "only those who are concerned with the daily use of human relations and the success or failure of ancient and modern times can survive". If "his actions are gentle and colloquial", then "none of them can survive at all" (see other collections of poems of the Guochao Dynasty. Therefore, according to the standard of "poetry education", Tang poetry is no longer good. When he lived in Tang Dynasty and emphasized style, he also had to "look back on elegance and respect the way of poetry" (shuoshi Yu). Therefore, Shen's argument is very similar to the attitude of the Tongcheng School of ancient writers, which thinks that their thoughts are still not pure enough and should be traced back to the Confucian classics. In the style of poetry, Shen Deqian confused the principle of "gentle and sincere" with the artistic expression of "implication", advocated the principle of being moderate and peaceful, euphemistic and implicit, but opposed to revealing. He also said: "the beauty of Yuefu lies in its complex sound, which comes from and goes slowly. It is often moving at the inflection of Huixiang, which is based on the meaning of Yonghe sound."

On the history of poetry

Shen Deqian also has some sharp views on the history of poetry because he has done extensive research on the poetry of the past dynasties.

The most noteworthy part of Shen Deqian's poetry history is the Ming Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, because of the pain of national subjugation, poets had a lot of emotional remarks about the academic and literature of Ming Dynasty. Shen Deqian was able to treat the poetry of Ming Dynasty with a more peaceful attitude and even gave a more positive evaluation to the retro School of Ming Dynasty. "Shuoshi Yu" points out: "Yongle return, Chongtai Pavilion style, all the elders advocate it, everyone should, get used to each other, and don't feel it. Li Binzhi (Dongyang) has made great efforts to turn over the decaying waves, while Li (Mengyang) and he Jizhi have restored their poetry to its rightness. " Not only that, he further refuted Qian Qianyi's saying: "Li Xianji is solemn and stirring, and he Zhongmo is handsome and swift.

The same Shaoling mausoleum was built in different ways. It has been prosperous for a generation. Qian Mu Zhai said that he imitated plagiarism and learned language as a baby. It is said that "the seed of reading books will be cut off from now on.". This is for the sake of the door, and future generations should not be dwarfed. " His conclusion was adopted by Siku synopsis, and later generations also allowed him to hold a fair view. For Li Panlong, shuoshishuyu also distinguishes his imitative poems from the seven rhythms, with equal praise and Criticism: "Li Yulin imitates ancient poems,

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