Lu Zhi
Lu Zhi
Lu Zhi (754-805) was named Jingyu. Suzhou Jiaxing (now Zhejiang Jiaxing) people. Tang Dynasty famous statesman, writer, political commentator, Prime Minister. Lu Kan, the ninth son of Liyang county magistrate, is known as "Lu Jiu".
He was born in the Lu family of Wujun, one of the four surnames in Jiangnan. He was a Jinshi in the eighth year of zongdali (773) of the Tang Dynasty, and learned Hongci from Zhongbo. After Tang Dezong ascended the throne, he was called by the censor to be the academician. After the "Jingyuan mutiny", he fled to Fengtian with Dezong and drafted an imperial edict. His words were sincere, "although the soldiers were fierce, they were all inspired with tears.". Zhenyuan seven years (791), worship the Ministry of war minister. Zhenyuan eight years (792), moved to book Shilang, Tongping Zhangshi. When it is the prime minister, it refers to the abuse of government and the abolition of exorbitant taxes. In the 10th year of Zhenyuan (794), the prime minister was dismissed after being trapped. Yongzhen first year (805) in Zhongzhou died, 52. The posthumous title is Xuan.
Lu Zhi was a virtuous prime minister in the middle Tang Dynasty. His talent in learning and cultivation, moral style, won praise at that time and later generations. Quan Deyu was compared with Jia Yi, a famous minister in the Western Han Dynasty; Su Shi thought that he was a talent of "Wang Zuo" and "emperor Shi", and his literary and intellectual skills surpassed Zhang Liang, a counsellor in the Western Han Dynasty. Lu Zhi's poems and essays are especially good at making official documents and political comments. The memorials are mostly arranged in pairs, with precise organization and fluent writing. Quan Deyu called it "to discuss the past and to promote the present, and to ponder over the writing.". There are many poems in Quan Tang Shi. Lu's collection of xuanshiyuan and Lu's collection of xuanshiyuan.
(photo source: Portrait album of famous officials in Tang Dynasty)
Life of the characters
A humble family
Lu Zhi was born in the Lu family of Wujun, one of the four surnames in Jiangnan. Born in the 13th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (754), it is said that he was born in Tianshuijing, Jiaxing City, Suzhou (now the East head of Xiexi street, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province). Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Lu family has been a famous family in the south of the Yangtze River, but before the birth of Lu Zhi, the family had declined. His father Lu Kan was the county magistrate of Liyang (now Liyang, Jiangsu Province). Later, he was presented as the Minister of rites because of Lu Zhi's nobility. Lu Kan died early. Lu Zhi grew up under the guidance of his mother Wei Shi when he was young. He was called "Lu Jiu" at that time. He had independent opinions and integrity, was different from others, and studied Confucianism very hard.
Inner Minister of Dezong
In 771, Lu Zhizhong, an 18-year-old Jinshi, was awarded the title of county captain of Zheng county in Huazhou. He was dismissed and returned to his hometown. Zhang Yi, the governor of Shouzhou, was very famous. Lu Zhi went to see him. After three days of conversation, Zhang Yi thinks that Lu Zhi is a genius. Please make friends with him. When Lu Zhi left, Zhang Yi gave him a million yuan and said, "please pay for one day's food for Mrs. Tai." Lu Zhi refused to accept, only received a bunch of tea, said: "dare not accept your gift." He excelled in writing his judgments on the basis of official documents. He was appointed as the chief clerk of Weinan county (the new book of Tang Dynasty was the county captain of Weinan county), and later moved to be the censor of supervision.
After Tang Dezong Li Shi ascended the throne, he sent 11 envoys to inspect the world. Lu Zhi lobbied envoys to use "five skills" to observe customs and people's conditions, "Eight Strategies" to inspect local officials' political achievements, "three subjects" to select talents with outstanding talents, "four taxes" to manage finance, "six virtues" to stabilize the tired people, "five requirements" to reduce officials. When Dezong was still the crown prince, he had heard of Lu Zhi's reputation. At that time, he was appointed as the academician of the Imperial Academy and transferred to be the member of the ancestral temple, wailang. Lu Zhi was loyal and devoted to his life. After he took the post of Valet, he was grateful to Dezong for his understanding of himself and wanted to do something to repay him. Therefore, no matter how big or small he was, he would make a statement. Therefore, Dezong treated Lu Zhi more favorably.
In the fourth year of Jianzhong (783), the Jingyuan army launched a mutiny and occupied Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). He supported the former Taiwei Zhu to become emperor. Lu Zhi followed Dezong to avoid chaos and Fengtian (today's Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province) and became a doctor of kaogong. In the first year of Xingyuan (784), when Shuofang Jiedu envoy Li huaiguang rebelled, he fled to Liangzhou (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province) under the command of Dezong, and became a remonstrant official. Since he became a scholar of Hanlin, Lu Zhi was a counselor of confidential affairs and was responsible for drafting imperial edicts, which was highly relied on by Dezong. Lu Zhi was responsible for the drafting of a large number of imperial edicts. His writing was as quick as a fly, and everything he discussed and displayed was reasonable. In the difficult days, although there was a prime minister, no matter how big or small, Dezong had to discuss with Lu Zhi. He was called "inner minister" at that time. Wherever Dezong went, he must be accompanied by Lu Zhi. Because of the dangerous road in Liangzhou and Yangzhou, Dezong once separated from Luzhi. After a night, before Lu Zhi arrived, Dezong was so shocked and sad that he cried and ordered those who could find him to give him a thousand gold. After a long time, Lu Zhi arrived. Dezong was very happy. Prince Li Song and others came to celebrate. However, Lu Zhi often spoke out against the intention of Dezong. Although Lu Qi, a treacherous minister, was demoted, Dezong protected him in his heart. Lu Zhi tried his best to tell Lu Qi about the treachery that led to the rebellion. Although Dezong agreed on the surface, he was very unhappy in his heart. Liu Congyi and Jiang Gongfu were promoted to prime minister from a young official. Although Lu Zhi was greatly favored and well received by Dezong, he did not take the post of prime minister.
After returning to the capital, Lu Zhi was appointed as a scholar of the Imperial Academy. His mother, Wei, was still in Jiangdong, and Dezong sent eunuchs to take him back to Beijing to "honor the gentry.". Soon after, Lu Zhi was dismissed because of his mother's death, and returned to Luoyang, the eastern capital, to live in fengle temple in Songshan. All gifts are not accepted. Only Wei Gao, the governor of Xichuan in Jiannan, was an old friend when he was poor and humble. Wei Gao informed him in advance that the gift was ordered by Dezong, and Lu Zhi accepted it. Dezong also ordered the eunuch to escort Lu Kan's coffin from Jiaxing to Luoyang for burial.
Chastity and self-discipline
At the end of the mourning period, Lu Zhi was reinstated as the Minister of the Ministry of war and became a scholar of the Imperial Academy. When Lu Zhi entered the court to thank him, he bowed to the ground and sobbed. Dezong was moved and rose to comfort him. After that, Lu Zhi received more love and courtesy, and people all over the world thought that he could be prime minister. But Dou Shen, the prime minister, was always dissatisfied with him. Lu Zhi also reported Dou Shen's corruption to Dezong many times, so they were at odds.
In the seventh year of Zhenyuan (791), Lu Zhi was dismissed from the position of academician, and was worshipped as Minister of the Ministry of war and ZHIGONGJU.
In the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792), Dou Shen was removed from his official position, and Lu Zhi became the prime minister after paying homage to Zhongshu Shilang and Tongping Zhangshi.
During the reign of Lu Zhi, he was loyal to the country, hardworking and farsighted. At that time, the social contradictions deepened and the Tang Dynasty was facing collapse. He pointed out the shortcomings of the times, planned great plans, and made many good policies for the court. He advised Li Shi to understand the situation, to speak widely, to accept advice to correct mistakes, to pay less taxes, to be virtuous and dethrone evil, to store grain for the border, and to eliminate war. Some of these suggestions were adopted by Dezong and turned into practical policies. Especially under the situation that the whole country was shaken by the rebellion of the vassal Town, he advised the emperor to issue an imperial edict to punish himself, drafted a sincere and moving imperial edict for him, and issued it to the whole world. The front-line officers and soldiers were moved by it. Some of them cried bitterly after hearing it, and the rebels expressed their gratitude. Because of his foresight, proper measures and efforts to turn the crisis around, the precarious situation of the Tang Dynasty was saved.
Lu Zhi was upright and strict in self-discipline. He said that he would "live up to the emperor and live up to what he had learned". He took the world as his duty and dared to correct the faults of the emperor and expose the evil of treachery and treachery. He believed that the founding of a country should be based on the people. He was deeply indignant at the sharp contrast of "the rich have tens of thousands of mu of land, while the poor have no enough to live in" and sympathized with the miserable life of the people. He urged the emperor to be thrifty, light corvee and meager taxes, opposed excessive levies, and advocated that "a generation of Qianli should be in the realm of longevity".
Be free from being framed
During the reign of Lu Zhi, the Minister of the Ministry of household affairs, the judge and the assistant Pei Yanling got the credit of Dezong by flattering and flattering him. Lu Zhi spoke out and wrote many times to take part in Pei Yanling's crime. Pei Yanling slandered Lu Zhi in Japan, but Dezong was not happy with his advice, so he dismissed Lu Zhi as a guest of the crown prince in 794.
Lu Zhi was very careful and did not associate with guests. Pei Yanling guessed that Li Shi was unfaithful to Lu Zhi and took the opportunity to slander him. Dezong was angry and wanted to kill Lu Zhi. Thanks to the admonishment Yang Cheng and others, he was reduced to Zhongzhou (today's Zhongxian County in Chongqing).
Later, Dezong began to Miss Lu Zhi, and Xue Yan was appointed governor of Zhongzhou to convey Dezong's consolation. Wei Gao repeatedly asked Lu Zhi to lead Jiannan Jiedu envoy, but Dezong still had a grudge and refused to give him the post.
During his ten years in Zhongzhou, Lu Zhi was often shut up and few people saw him. On the one hand, he did not dare to write books to avoid slander. At the same time, because of the bad climate and epidemic disease, he studied art and compiled 50 volumes of Lu's collected prescriptions for people's treatment.
Died in a Banishment
In the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), Emperor Shunzong of Tang Dynasty Li Song ascended the throne and issued an imperial edict to return Lu Zhi. Before the imperial edict arrived, Lu Zhi died at the age of 52. He was awarded the Minister of the Ministry of war with the posthumous title of "Xuan".
Main achievements
thought
It's up to man, not destiny, to govern chaos
After an Shi rebellion in Tang Dynasty, the political and economic basis of feudal rule was seriously damaged. The feudal regime was divided, the mountains and rivers were broken, and wars were raging. By the time of Dezong, there was an atmosphere of depression and dilapidation. The countryside was desolate and the number of people was cut off. "The world is full of fury, and there is peace.". After the mutiny in Jingyuan, Chang'an was lost and the national calamity became more and more serious. However, when talking about the reasons for this situation, Tang Dezong said: "this is also the destiny of heaven, not by human affairs." In view of Dezong's wrong idea that "the rise and fall of a country are all determined by heaven", Lu Zhi pointed out that it is absurd to say that the rise and fall of a country is caused by heaven. He believes that "Heaven sees itself, man sees itself, heaven listens to itself, and man listens to it, then heaven sees and hears all because of man, and there is destiny outside of man.". It denies that heaven has thought, will and can dominate the fate of human society, and comes to the conclusion that "Heaven's destiny lies in man". And said: "the rule of personnel and the chaos of heaven, there is no; personnel."
Chinese PinYin : Lu Zhi
Lu Zhi
