Du Yu

Du Yu

Du Yu (222-285), with the character of Kai, was born in duling County, Jingzhao county (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). He was a military strategist, Confucian classics scholar, and jurist in the Wei and Jin Dynasties of China, and the son of Du Shu, a regular servant of the Wei Dynasty.

He was born in the Du family of Jingzhao. At the beginning of his official career in the Wei Dynasty, he served as a minister, and later became an aide of Sima Zhao, a powerful minister. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, he served successively as Yin of Henan, Military Secretary of Anxi, governor of Qinzhou, and Minister of Duzhi. In the fourth year of Xianning (278), Yang Hu took over the post of Zhennan general and guarded Jingzhou. He actively prepared for the war, supported Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, in fighting against Wu, and became one of the commanders in the battle against Wu in the fifth year of Xianning (279). After the war, he was granted the title of Marquis of Dangyang County for his meritorious service, and still lived in Jingzhou. In the fifth year of Taikang (285), Du Yu was enlisted into the imperial court and paid homage to the commander of Sili. On the way, he died in Deng county. He died at the age of 63. He was awarded with the title of "Cheng" and the title of "Zheng Nan general" and "Kai Fu Yi Tong".

Du yudunsi's Classics, erudite, versatile and fruitful, was known as "Du Wu Ku". His works include Chunqiu Zuoshi zhuanjijie and Chunqiu Shili. Before Ming Dynasty, he was the only one who entered Confucian temple and martial temple at the same time.

Life of the characters

Born official

Du Yu was born in Jingzhao, a scholar family in Guanzhong. His grandfather Du Ji was a famous official of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. In October of 222, the third year of Huangchu, Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty, Cao Pi conquered Wu and Du Ji was promoted to minister. In 223, Du Ji was in charge of supervising the manufacture of dragon boat. As a result, he was killed in Mengjin when he tried the boat. He was posthumously named Dai.

Du Yu's father, Du Shu, was not an official at home for a long time during the reign of Cao Pi. Until Cao Rui, emperor of the Ming Dynasty, ascended the throne, he took the position of a regular servant. He was loyal and upright, and did not have a good relationship with the powerful officials in the imperial court. He said that he was ill and lived in seclusion in yiquanwu, Yiyang. After Cao Rui died, many people wrote to him, and Sima Yi, who was in power at that time, was related to Du Shu by marriage, so he was able to serve as the governor of Hedong. When Cao Shuang, the nephew of Cao Xun, was in power, he used Du Shu's contradiction with his superior to frame him, and he would be sentenced to death. In the first year of Jiaping (249), Sima Yi deposed Cao Shuang through the "Gaoping mausoleum change", and Du Shu died in Zhangwu County in the fourth year of Jiaping (253).

Although Du Yu grew up in the family of officials, he was not a dandy who only knew pleasure. As a child, he read extensively and was diligent in writing. He studied economics, politics, history, law, mathematics, history and engineering. At that time, people gave him the nickname of "duwuku" and praised him for his erudition and versatility, just like the armory. Zuo Zhuan is a special fan of Zuo Zhuan. Du Yu was not appointed because of his father's long-term conflict with the imperial family and powerful people.

Entering the curtain as a minister

During the reign of Sima Zhao, Sima's family had become the largest political group of the Cao Wei regime. After Sima Zhao took power, in order to consolidate and expand the ruling foundation, he also appointed many clans and relatives on the premise of appointing virtuous people. Du Yu, as an excellent talent, was also valued by Sima Zhao along with Yanghu and Shantao. And in the second year of Ganlu (257), he regained his title of fengleting marquis. Du Yu is younger than Sima Zhao, but older than Sima Zhao's younger brothers simagan and Sima Luo. He married his sister princess Gaolu and became one of the most outstanding members of Sima's group. Du Yu served as an important aide of prime minister Sima Zhao's office. In the war to pacify Shu, he and Sima Zhao's chief bookkeeper, shizuan, were sent by Sima Zhao to be the key aide of the two most important army commanders. Shizuan was sent to be Deng AI's Sima, and Du Yu was sent to Zhonghui's army.

In May of the fourth year of Jingyuan (263), the Wei army divided into three groups and attacked Shu on a large scale. Du Yu was appointed as the commander of Zhonghui, the commander of the main army. When the Wei army attacked and destroyed the Shu Han, Zhong Hui, together with general Jiang Weimou of Shu, prepared to kill the Wei generals to separate Yizhou. In the first month of the next year, Zhong Hui was killed by random soldiers while carrying out the plan. In this incident, many members of the bell society lost their lives. His colleagues were all killed, and Du Yu survived with wisdom. After the event, 1000 more households were sealed for their meritorious service. He sympathized with Deng AI's experience and should be one of the few generals who asked to redress Deng AI's injustice.

Notes on Jin Law

In July of the first year of Xianxi (264), Sima Zhao entrusted Xun Xu, Jia Chong, Pei Xiu and Zheng Chong to reform the etiquette, law and official system. At that time, Du Yu was appointed to take part in the formulation of laws. This law is the law of Jin promulgated in 268, which inherited the law of Han Dynasty and the law of Tang Dynasty, and had a great influence on the later feudal law. In name, the official who presided over the revision of Jin law was Jia Chong, but in fact Du Yu took on the most arduous work. All the annotations of Jin law were completed by him. Du Yu pointed out in the preface to the laws of Jin Dynasty that "the law is to rectify the charges, and the order is to keep the system" (volume 638 of Taiping Yulan). This is the earliest definition of distinguishing law (criminal law system) and order (rules and regulations) in the legal history of our country. The establishment of Jin Law is based on this principle, which makes Jin Law clearer and more complete than the old law of Han and Wei dynasties. Du Yu also pointed out that the law is the standard of sentencing for officials, not a Book of reasoning, so the law should be simplified and the words should be concise and popular, so that people can easily understand it and dare not violate it. Before the Jin Dynasty, the Han law was characterized by severe penalties and dense entries, which included more than 7.7 million words and more than 26000 entries. The content of the Han law was repetitive and hard to remember, which provided officials with the opportunity to cheat. Although the government of Cao Wei made some reforms, the changes were limited. According to Du Yu's opinion, Jin Law cut out the old law of Han and Wei Dynasty with only 2900 pieces and 126000 words. Therefore, people in Tang Dynasty praised it as "light and flat in reality, which is called simple and easy" (Criminal Law annals of Sui Dynasty).

Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, carried out a policy of indulgence to the aristocratic families who were the mainstay of his regime after he became emperor of Wei Dynasty. As a result, the society is extremely dark and corrupt, and officials at all levels are engaged in vicious practices, and the public has blocked and sheltered each other. In 268, Du Yu proposed to Sima Yan that the examination system should be carried out, and the officials should be evaluated according to their actual situation, and then treated differently, or removed or deposed. But his proposal was not accepted by the court.

Gong Sheng Du Zhi

At the beginning of the sixth year of Taishi (270), Du Yu was relieved from the post of guarding Henan Yin because he offended Shi Jian, the commander of Sili school. In June, Sima Yan used him to go out of the town frontier. He was first the commander of Anxi army, then the governor of Qinzhou, the commander of Dongqiang school, and the general of Qingche. Du Yu just took office in Qinzhou, and Shi Jian, who had always been hostile to him, also arrived here. As a general of Anxi, Shi Jian was in charge of all the military affairs in Qinzhou and was the superior of Du Yu.

At that time, the area of Longyou where Du Yu lived was very unstable. The bald trees of Xianbei people were able to rebel and had great influence. The generals sent by Sima Yan to suppress them were either defeated or killed. Shi Jian took revenge and ordered Du Yu, who had only 300 soldiers and 100 horses, to attack. Du Yu saw through Shi Jian's plot and refused to die. He contradicted Shi Jian and said that the June of Caosheng Mafei was not suitable for fighting against Xianbei people at all. In addition, the problem of military supplies of the government army had to be solved in advance, so the time of fighting could only be set in the spring of the second year. Du Yu summed up his opinions as "five no's and four no's". Du Yu's refusal to send troops angered Shi Jian. Shi Jian finds a charge and sends Du Yu's arrest to Tingwei for punishment. Thanks to Du Yu's marriage with the royal family, he saved his life within the scope of the "eight arguments" amnesty, but still lost his title. Soon after, Shi Jian was defeated by the baldness tree in a battle. Facts proved that Du Yu's opinion was correct.

In November of 271, the Huns living in Shanxi Province, led by Liu Meng, the chieftain, revolted. Because Du Yuming was good at planning and planning, the imperial court re used his military strategy. Soon, he was appointed Minister of finance, in charge of the government's economic and financial affairs. From then on to the fourth year of Xianning (278), Du Yu served as the Minister of Duzhi for seven years. In the meantime, because of Shi Jian's revenge, he was once dismissed, but for a short time. During his term of office, Du Yu put forward more than 50 proposals to Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, including the construction of changpingcang, the adjustment of grain price, the management of salt transportation, the formulation of curriculum and the construction of border defense, etc. In addition, he gave full play to his intelligence and actively carried out scientific inventions. Du Yu successfully made a new human Pai ware and copied the long lost one. In order to solve the traffic problems in Luoyang, he took charge of the construction of fupingjin bridge. In the process of bridge construction, Du Yu has paid great efforts from design to construction. Du Yu found that the current calendar at that time was not suitable for sundial. After calculation, he corrected the difference and revised the binary QianDu calendar. After verification, this calendar finally replaced the time calendar and became popular in the world.

Agricultural disaster relief

In the autumn of the fourth year of Xianning (278), there were torrential rain in Yanzhou and Yuzhou counties, and a large area of waterlogging occurred in the Western Jin Dynasty. Du Yu had written two times to state the disaster relief plan. These two memorials collected in the book of Jin Shi Huo Zhi are important documents for later generations to study the social and economic situation of Jin Dynasty. Due to Du Yu's investigation and study of the disaster at that time, his analysis of the causes of the disaster and the relief measures he proposed are more in line with the actual situation. He pointed out that the root causes of the disastrous consequences were extensive and indiscriminate cultivation, fire cultivation and water conservancy facilities (ponds) in disrepair. "At the age of Pei, the fertile land becomes a reed, and people live in juze. Land and water are unsuitable, grazing is extinct, and trees are withered, which is also harmful to the ponds. If there are many ponds, the soil is thin and the water is shallow. Therefore, every time there is water and rain, it will flow across the land Du Yu thinks that the only way to solve this problem is to use bad water to relieve diarrhea. “

Chinese PinYin : Du Yu