Liu Xizai

Liu Xizai

Liu Xizai (February 25, 1813 - March 2, 1881) was a writer in Qing Dynasty. Bojian, named Rongzhai and gayazi, was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province. Daoguang Jinshi, official to Zuo Chunfang, Zuo zhongyun, Guangdong Xuezheng. He has been lecturing Shanghai Longmen Academy for many years. He was a literary theorist and linguist in the 19th century. It is called "Hegel of the East".

Biography

Liu Xizai was born in a poor intellectual family. Father Songling, the word crane and, Jiansheng, is a hermit living in the countryside. Xizai was born several years old. When he spoke with his father, he said, "it's the son who can be humane, and he can think with little desire." (Biography of gayazi) "when I lost my father at the age of ten, I cried like a rite." (Biography of scholars in Qing Dynasty) he lost his mother several years later. "Few lonely poor, studious, reading to see, pointing to the micro, about the weak to keep." (biographies of seven hundred celebrities in Qing Dynasty)

In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), Xizai was 27 years old, and he won the provincial examination.

In the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), Xizai was 32 years old. He was a Jinshi in the middle school. He was excellent in both writing and calligraphy. He was changed into a good scholar in the Imperial Academy and was awarded editing.

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the emperor summoned the emperor and ordered him to go to the study to be the master of all kings. "For a long time, I saw that it was full of gas, and the fleas were not tired at dusk. I asked what I raised them. I gave them the four characters of" studying in a closed house, studying in a good place, and reading in a quiet and comfortable way. ". In 1856, the tomb of Liu Zhongyue, a famous person, was named as "Liu chungong".

In 1860, the Allied forces of Britain and France invaded Beijing. "There was a surprise in the Ministry. Many officials moved away and Xizai stayed alone. At the end of the negotiation, Hu Wenzhong (Lin Yi), governor of Hubei Province, recommended it as "Zhen Jie Jue Su Su, Xue Guan Shi Ren" (Volume 13 of Xinghua county annals). Next year, at the invitation of Hu Linyi, the governor of Hubei Province, he left Beijing for Wuchang to be the lecturer of Jianghan Academy. Because of the second western expedition of the Taiping army, his students fled and failed, so he left a poem and went back to Beijing, changed his way in the middle, entered Shanxi, and wandered along the Fenhe River. His poem on the willow of Fenhe River says: "the festival is near Qingming, the willow is not new, and the cold color of Fenhe River is oppressive. Ten years of wandering and idle business, I know how many trees spring in Huainan. " When Liu Xizai first arrived in Shanxi, Emperor Xianfeng died. “

In the first year of tongzhi (1862), an imperial edict was issued to the old minister, but the emperor and Yan. Next year, they will send instructions to both of them, which will be very interesting. " Yu Yue Zuo Chunfang Zuo zhongyun Liu Jun tombstone) Tongzhi three years (1864), bu Guozijian division industry, its autumn, life for Guangdong Xuezheng, bu Zuo Chunfang Zuo zhongyun, in charge of Guangdong Province, the government, state, county student examination dethroned Zhi thing. In order to educate the scholars, he supervised Guangdong and made four admonitions: punishing resentment, stifling desire, moving to good and correcting mistakes. "Now I have learned extensively and meticulously. I have read all the students' papers. He is like a father and son in his family (the biography of Xiao Mu and Liu Rongzhai) before the end of his three-year term of office, he asked for a long vacation to return home, and then he left the officialdom.

From the sixth year of tongzhi (1867) to the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), Liu Xizai has been lecturing in Shanghai Longmen Academy in his later years. "I have been teaching with students all day long. Every five days, he will ask what books he has read and what he has learned. He will tell the truth instead of the truth. C night or Zhou Shizhai house, to observe whether the life (Yu Yue Zuo Chunfang Zuo zhongyun Liu Jun's tombstone) therefore, people at that time praised it as "to teach the disciples with Zhengxue, there is Hu andingfeng" (the biography of scholars in the Qing history manuscript).

Hu Yuan was born in Xinghua, Jiangsu Province. He was a great educator in the Northern Song Dynasty. He had a hundred students. He once taught Suzhou, Huzhou and other places in Xingshu town. Later, he was the Imperial College supervisor. He presided over the Imperial College. He regarded students as children. He had good teaching methods and rules. In the early days of Taixue, its method was used. Hu Yuan Xingfu, Shi Jie and Dao "Mr. three in the early Song Dynasty" were the forerunners of Neo Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. While xingxizai presided over Shanghai Longmen academy, Yu Yue, a famous scholar, presided over Hangzhou Gujing jingshe. After their time, they talked about harmoniously and happily, exchanged knowledge, and won fame in the world.

Theoretical works

Liu Xizai's works include "general concept of art", "collection of yesterday's non history", "four tone cut", "Shuo Wen Shuang Sheng", "six kinds of Gu Tong Shu Wu" and "three kinds of continued inscriptions of Gu Tong Shu Wu". Among them, Yigai is the most famous one, which is an important literary criticism in modern times. Yigai consists of six volumes, which are divided into wengai, shigai, fugai, ciqugai, shugai and jingyigai. It respectively discusses the system evolution, nature characteristics, performance skills and comments on important writers' works of Wen, Shi, Fu, CI, calligraphy and eight part essay. It is Liu Xizai's experience of appreciating traditional culture and art for many years.

Chronicle of Liu Xizai

Liu Xizai, whose name is Bojian, was named Rongzhai. In his later years, he was named gayazi, and he was also named Xiya.

Guisi was born on February 25, 1813.

In 1839, he went to Nanjing for the provincial examination.

In the spring of 1844, he went to Beijing to take part in the examination. He was a Jinshi in the middle school. He was excellent in both writing and calligraphy. He was a good scholar in the Imperial Academy.

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the emperor summoned the emperor and ordered him to go to the study to be the master of all kings.

In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), at the end of the year, the imperial court inspected the group of officials. Liu Xizai ranked first in moral and political voice, with the name of Dao and Fu.

In the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), the guest asked for leave to live in Shandong and opened a school in Yucheng.

He returned to Beijing at the end of 1859.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing.

In 1861, he left the capital and went to Wuchang as a lecturer of Jianghan Academy.

In the first year of tongzhi (1862), the imperial court appointed old officials, and Liu Xizai was listed.

In the second year of tongzhi (1863), Liu Xizai received two reminders to return to Beijing, so he went north in the summer and autumn of that year.

In the third year of tongzhi (1864), Liu Xizai made up for the Imperial College. In the autumn of the same year, he was appointed to Guangdong Xuegu, to supplement Zuo Chunfang and Zuo zhongyun.

In 1866, Liu Xizai was in charge of Guangdong Province for three years. He asked for a long vacation to return to his hometown Xinghua, and then he left the official world.

In 1867, Liu Xizai was invited by minzhai to lecture at Shanghai Longmen Academy.

In the summer of 1880, Liu Xizai returned to his hometown because of illness.

Liu Xizai died at the age of 69 at Gutong bookstore in February, 1881 (March 2, 1881).

Guangxu Renwu (1882) was listed in the biography of the scholars in the history of the state, which was praised as "pure in character and as a teacher".

Liu Xizai, a literary critic

Liu Xizai (1814-1881), a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, was named Bojian and Rongzhai. In his later years, he was named gayazi and Xiya.

In the first month of the 18th year of Jiaqing (February 1813), Liu Xizai was born in a poor intellectual family in Xinghua. Liu Xizai's father, Liu Songling, whose name is Heyu, was a hermit of great reputation in the local area. He died when Liu Xizai was ten years old. A few years later, Liu Xizai's mother also died.

Liu Xizai was lonely and poor when he was young, but he was determined to learn. He was taught by Zhang Bingheng, Xu Zilin, Yao Siyu, Rong Zhuzhai, Xie Rusen and cha Xianqin.

In 1839, Daoguang went to Nanjing to take part in the local examination.

In the spring of the 24th year of Daoguang, Liu Xizai went to Beijing to take part in the examination. He was selected as a scholar of the Imperial Academy for his excellent writing and calligraphy.

On September 25, Daoguang asked for leave to return to Xinghua. Around the beginning of the 27th year of Daoguang's reign, he returned to Beijing, where Shu Jishi scattered the hall and was granted the Imperial Academy's editing.

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), when he was ordered to go to the study, Emperor Xianfeng saw that he was full of body Qi and had no tired face sooner or later. When he asked about his family, Liu Xizai said that he would "study behind closed doors". Emperor Xianfeng, in order to praise him, wrote in his handwriting: "nature is quiet, emotion is easy". During this period, Liu Xizai and the scholars of the University advocated mutual friendship with respect to exercise, while there were similarities and differences in their studies.

At the end of the sixth year of Xianfeng, the imperial court inspected the officials, and Liu Xizai ranked first, with the name of Dao and Fu. Liu Xizai didn't want to be a local official. He asked for leave to visit Shandong in the seventh year of Xianfeng and opened a school in Yucheng for a living. He returned to Beijing at the end of September and was still the editor of the Academy.

In the 10th year of Xianfeng, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. Emperor Xianfeng fled to Rehe, and most of the officials fled. Liu Xizai stayed alone. After the peace negotiation, Hu Linyi, governor of Hubei Province, recommended Liu Xizai as the lecturer of Jianghan Academy in Wuchang, Hubei Province.

In the spring of the 11th year of Xianfeng, Liu Xizai left Beijing for Wuchang. Later, due to the western expedition of the Taiping army, the students fled and failed. On the way back to Beijing, he passed Hebei, Taihang and Shanxi, and spent more than a year wandering in Fenhe.

After Tongzhi ascended the throne, the Qing government appointed old ministers.

In the second year of tongzhi (1863), Liu Xizai was urged to return to Beijing twice, and returned to Beijing in the summer and autumn of that year.

In the third year of Tongzhi's reign, he was responsible for the work of the Imperial College. In the autumn of this year, he was appointed as the academic administrator of Guangdong Province to supplement Zuo Chunfang and Zuo zhongyun. Liu Xizai arrived in Guangdong via Hunan Province and supervised Guangdong. He wrote four admonitions, namely, punishing resentment, stifling desire, remolding kindness, and correcting transgression. "Guangdong studies should be taken seriously. There is no good or bad in all students' examination papers, so I will finish reading them. After the test, they enter the life and teach them, just like the father and son of a family. " (Xiao Mu: a biography of Liu Rongzhai) during this period, he met and lectured with Chen Li, a Guangdong scholar. Before the end of his three-year term of office, he took a long leave in the fifth year of Tongzhi. He went back to his hometown through Jiangxi Province and left the officialdom.

In the sixth year of Tongzhi, Liu Xizai was invited by minzhai to lecture Shanghai Longmen academy until the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), which lasted for 14 years. "I have been teaching with students all day long. Every day, he will ask him what he has read and what he has learned one by one, and tell him what he is wrong but what he is right. C night, or Zhou Shizhai

Chinese PinYin : Liu Xi Zai