Stendhal

Stendhal

Stendhal (January 23, 1783 ~ March 23, 1842). His original name is Marie Henri Beyle, whose pen name is Stendhal. He is a French critical realism writer in the 19th century. They are represented as armands, red and black (1830) and Parma Abbey (1839).

Stendhal was born in Grenoble, France, on January 23, 1783. As a boy, he grew up in the atmosphere of French bourgeois revolution, revered Napoleon, and fought in Europe with Napoleon's army many times. After the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty in 1814, he lived in Milan and had contacts with Italian patriots. Later, he was deported and returned to Paris. Most of his major works were written after 1831. He died in Paris on March 23, 1842.

Character experience

Stendhal was born in a bourgeois family in Grenoble, France, on January 23, 1783. His real name is Henry bell. He lost his mother in his early years. His father was a rich lawyer, religious and conservative. He was raised by his grandfather who believed in Voltaire. Stendhal was restrained and repressed in his family, and hated his father from childhood. When he was young, he had a wide range of interests and loved mathematics. Gro, a Jacobin math teacher, often told him about the history of the French Revolution and guided him to learn the materialist theories of Locke and other philosophers. These laid the foundation for the formation of his world outlook.

In 1796, Stendhal entered Grenoble central school and won the first prize in American literature and mathematics.

In 1799, Stendhal graduated with excellent results and came to Paris. He was originally preparing to enter the famous comprehensive technical school. However, inspired by the revolutionary situation, he joined the army led by Napoleon and got a position in the army headquarters through his cousin Daru. In May 1800, Stendhal defected to Napoleon's army, took part in the famous battle of marenco, and successively served as Sergeant, second lieutenant and adjutant in Milan station and cavalry. He joined Milan in early June and was appointed second lieutenant of the sixth dragoon on September 23. After that, he resigned from the army and settled in Milan to practice writing.

From 1806 to 1814, Stendhal returned to Paris to fight with Napoleon's army on the European continent. When he withdrew from Moscow in 1812, he served as a logistics officer.

Napoleon stepped down in 1814 and the Bourbon Dynasty was restored. The bourgeois revolutionaries were suppressed, while the feudal princes and nobles celebrated each other. In this situation, Stendhal felt that he could get nothing but humiliation, so he left his motherland and lived in Milan, Italy.

When he returned to Paris in 1821, he was still a fierce opponent of the Bourbon Dynasty. After the revolution in July, Stendhal was still depressed and became a consul in a small coastal city of Italy under the jurisdiction of the Pope. On March 23, 1842, Stendhal died of a stroke in Paris.

Stendhal used his pseudonym m in 1817. B。 A。 A published his first work "the history of Italian painting" in Italy. Soon, he published his travels Rome, Naples and Florence under the pseudonym Stendhal for the first time.

When the Italian revolution failed in 1821 and many patriots were imprisoned, Stendhal was deported by the police as a sympathizer of the charcoal burning party, and then returned to Paris.

From 1823 to 1825, he published many literary theories, which were included in Lachine and Shakespeare. Since then, Stendhal began to turn to novel writing. During this period, the biography of Rossini was published in Paris.

Armands was published in 1827, walking in Rome from 1828 to 1829, and the famous short story Vanina vanini was published in 1829.

In 1829, Stendhal began to write his masterpiece red and black, which was released in 1830.

From 1832 to 1842, Stendhal was in the most difficult period, suffering from financial difficulties, disease and bad environment. But it was also the most important period of his creation. He wrote the novel Lucien louwan (also known as red and white), the abbey of Bama, the autobiography the biography of Henry Brera, and more than ten short stories.

In 1833, when Stendhal came to Italy again, he found a batch of "ancient manuscripts" in a friend's library. These manuscripts truly recorded some important "social news" in Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries.

After reading, Stendhal was very interested in them and thought that they were "a useful supplement to the history of Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries"; they described "the local conditions and customs that gave birth to the genius of the generation of Raphael and Michelangelo", so he spent a lot of money to buy the right to transcribe, asked people to transcribe some chapters carefully, kept them around, read them repeatedly, and used the method of partial translation and partial creation To rewrite these short stories.

When Stendhal was alive, he had selected three books to publish, namely "Elle", "Victoria acoronboni" (or translated as "the Duchess of pariano") and "the sanssies". Twelve years after Stendhal's death, his cousin compiled short stories based on his rewriting, and added "Vanina vanini", which describes Italian love story, to form an episode called "Italian anecdotes".

On the evening of March 22, 1842, Stendhal suddenly suffered from cerebral hemorrhage while walking on the streets of Paris. After rescue, he died at 2 am on March 23. At that time, he had several unfinished manuscripts on hand. On Stendhal's epitaph, there is a passage: lived, loved and written.

Personal life

Stendhal lost his mother in his early years. His father was a wealthy lawyer, religious, conservative and hostile to the revolution of 1789. Stendhal lived in the cold and fiery bourgeois family relationship, deeply oppressed and bound by his father and aunt, and hated his family since he was a child. He only respected and loved his grandfather, an old doctor who was a believer in enlightenment. Before the French Revolution, he visited Voltaire in filnay. Under the influence of his grandfather, Stendhal developed a love of enlightenment and an interest in literature. He had read Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau's works very early. He especially respected Rousseau and regarded him as "the most noble and talented person".

Main works

Creative features

Theme of the work

Description of Italy

In Stendhal's works, Italy in the 16th century has three characteristics in terms of social outlook: economic prosperity, republican system and rebellious spirit; Italians in the 16th century show the passion of pursuing freedom and love; Italy in the 16th century shows the quiet temperament in terms of natural scenery.

Italy provided many creative materials for Stendhal, but he paid most attention to Italy in the 16th century. From 1833 to 1839, he found and collected many manuscripts of the 16th century in Italy. Most of these manuscripts recorded the oral stories of the past dynasties, including the tragic chronicles of the 16th century, duel challenge books, negotiation and agreement between neighboring nobles, Memoirs of various subjects, etc. the script was in the dialect of Naples or Rome, and the story structure was very simple. Most of the short stories in the Italian legacy are adapted from these manuscripts. The prototype of the story in the abbey of Bama is the entrepreneurial history of the Farnese family, which took place at the end of the Qiao century. The archetypes of Fabrice's imprisonment, the Duchess's rescue and the successful escape can be found in the manuscripts. The prototype of the Duchess in the abbey of Bama is Madame Vanessa in the history of the founding of the Farnese family. She was the queen in the Roman society at that time. Her ideas full of novelty and brilliance, like a lovely volcano, burst out the most abundant and joyful vitality unprecedented.

The concept of love

Stendhal used the method of scientific research to explore love and put forward a novel love theory. Just as he classified plants, he divided love into four types: passion love, vanity love, physical love and interest love. He used the word crystallization to describe love. He put it this way: "insert a winter defoliated branch into the desolate bottom layer of the salt mine, and then pull it out two or three months later. The top is full of glittering crystals. The smallest branches, which are not as thick as tit's claws, are all decorated with countless diamonds. The original branches can't be recognized." He divided love into seven stages with clear boundaries. His analysis of the relationship between beauty, ugliness and love is so clear, his discrimination of jealousy, suspicion, shyness and other emotions is so detailed, and his analysis of the influence of social environment on love is so precise, which is reflected in his future works. He wrote a variety of love stories with different social contents, different forms of expression and different endings.

Stendhal not only decomposed the process of love, but also deeply thought about the nature of love. He believes that love is a unique spiritual phenomenon of human beings, "love is a miracle of civilization.". He regards love as a kind of beautiful emotion that stimulates people's strength. "Love is the strongest passion in all emotions in ethics.".

artistic characteristics

Modernity

Stendhal's novels show a certain degree of openness and multi-level, so they have strong modernity. For example, "red and black" describes four spaces, virier, chambesson, Paris and prison, in which psychological time and physical time are dealt with according to needs

Chinese PinYin : Si Tang Da