Ming Shizong

Zhu hougui

Zhu houfen, Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty (from September 16, 1507 to January 23, 1567), was the grandson of Zhu Jianshen, Emperor Xianzong of Ming Dynasty, the nephew of Zhu youfen, Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty, the son of Zhu youfen, King Xingxian, and the cousin of Zhu houzhao, Emperor Wuzong of Ming Dynasty. The eleventh emperor of Ming Dynasty (from April 20, 1521 to January 23, 1567) was named Jiajing.

He was born in the second year of Zhengde (1507) at Luxing palace in hubei'an. In 1521, Wuzong died and had no heir. His mother, Empress Dowager Zhang, and the cabinet chief assistant Yang Tinghe, decided that Zhu Houyu, a close royal family and Wuzong's cousin, would inherit the throne. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Zhu Houfu gradually grasped the imperial power through the great ceremony. In the early days of his reign, he was wise and scrupulous, controlling officials strictly, ruling the people leniently, rectifying the imperial program, and reducing taxes and servitudes. Later, they believed in Taoism and Yan Song, which led to the corruption of the government. In the "renyin palace coup" in the 21th year of Jiajing period (1542), she almost died in the hands of the maids. After that, she ignored the government for a long time, superstitiously believed in the alchemists, wasted the people's resources, and finally aroused the popular coup. At the same time, the Mongolian anda Khan attacked the border for many years, and even came to Beijing in the 29th year of Jiajing (1550), which was known as "the change of gengxu"; the Japanese also invaded the southeast coast. "The South Japanese and the North Japanese" always troubled the Jiajing Dynasty, causing a great negative impact.

In December of the 45th year of Jiajing reign (January 1567), Zhu Houfu died in the Qianqing palace. He had been in power for 45 years and was 60 years old. Temple name Shizong, posthumous title qintianlu road Yingyi holy Xuanwen Guangwu Hongren Da Xiaosu emperor. Buried in Yongling, the Ming Tombs in Beijing.

Life of the characters

Early experience

On September 16, 1507, Zhu Houfu was born in Xingwang's residence in Hu Guang'an Lu (now Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province). His father Zhu Youmin was the fourth son of emperor Xianzong of Ming Dynasty, and Zhu Houmin was the second son of King Xingxian. On July 11, the 23rd year of Chenghua (July 30, 1487), Zhu youmi, king of Xing, was granted the title of king of Xing. Zhu's mother, Jiang's, was the daughter of Jiang, the commander of Beijing's Chinese army and horse Corps. In the fifth year of Hongzhi (1492), Zhu Youmin, the emperor of Xiaozong, bestowed the imperial concubine of Jiang to Zhu Youmin, the king of Xing, and married him. On September 18, the seventh year of Hongzhi (October 16, 1494), Mr. and Mrs. Zhu Youying, the king of Xing, lived in Luzhou, Guang'an (now Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province). In the 13th year of Hongzhi (1500), Zhu Houxi, the eldest son of Zhu Youying, was born, but died five days later.

Zhu Houfu was very intelligent when he was a child. His father taught him to read poems several times before he could recite them accurately. Later, under the guidance of his father, he studied ancient books, learned filial piety, University and the way of self-cultivation and family governance. Not only that, his father also asked him to participate in the sacrifice and ceremony of the palace, so he was familiar with all kinds of etiquette and norms when he was very young.

On June 17, 1519 (July 13, 1519), Zhu Youhong, who was 44 years old, was given the posthumous title of "Xian", which was called King Xingxian. He was buried in Songlin mountain in the northeast of Zhongxiang City as a prince. At the age of only 12, Zhu Houfu became the king of Xing, and he took over the palace with the help of yuan Zonggao.

On the debate of Rites

On April 20, 1521, Emperor Wuzong of Ming Dynasty died. Since emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty had no offspring, Yang Tinghe, the first assistant, anticipated the problem of his successor when he died. He quoted the principle of "brother ends brother and brother" in Huangming Zuxun and issued an imperial decree in the name of the emperor five days before the death of emperor Wuzong, which shortened the time of mourning for his father and inherited the title of King Xing. On the day after the death of emperor Wuzong, Yang Tinghe invited the Empress Dowager Yizhi to officially announce Zhu Houyi as the successor of the emperor.

On April 22, 1521, the imperial court sent eunuchs Gu Dayong, Wei bin, Zhang Jin, Liang Chu, Xu guangzuo, the Duke of Dingguo, Cui yuan, the emperor's son-in-law, and Mao Cheng, the Minister of rites, to welcome Zhu Houfu at the palace of King Xing in Anlu. As king Xing, Zhu Houfu received the mission and accepted the imperial edict from the Empress Dowager. He accepted the courtiers in the palace and then went to the capital with the mission. When Zhu Houfu and the mission arrived in Liangxiang, outside Beijing, there was a first round of conflict between the two sides. Li Chen suggested that Zhu Houfu should respect emperor Xiaozong as emperor Kao and change his name to King Xingxian as emperor's uncle. He quoted Cheng Yi's precedent of discussing King Pu's rites in the Northern Song Dynasty to offer advice to Zhu Houfu, but Zhu Houfu refused. According to the proposal of courtiers, Zhu Houfu was asked to inherit the throne according to the etiquette of the crown prince. But Zhu Houfu didn't accept it. He said to yuan Zonggao, his right chief historian, "the imperial edict is not a prince because I am the emperor." The bachelor Yang Tinghe and others asked Zhu Houfu to obey the etiquette issued by the courtiers, and enter Wenhua hall from dong'anmen gate, and ascend the throne on a certain day. Zhu Houfu did not agree. The two sides did not compromise with each other. At last, the Empress Dowager ordered the officials to go up to the court to persuade them to enter. Zhu Houfu received the letter in the suburbs, entered through the Daming gate, and then ascended the throne in the Fengtian hall.

On May 27, 1521, Zhu Houfu officially became the emperor, and the next year he was changed to Jiajing. Soon after emperor Shizong succeeded to the throne, he ordered his courtiers to discuss the title of Xingxian king. There was a three-and-a-half-year ritual dispute with the old ministers of Wuzong headed by Yang Tinghe and Mao Cheng about who should be the Emperor (i.e. the father in the sense of patriarchal clan system) and the emperor's title of Ming Shizong's father, which was known as "Dali Yi" in history. In July, Zhang Cong, a Jinshi, asked emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty to "inherit the rule but not the heir", to respect his father, and to set up a royal temple in the capital. Yang Tinghe and others fought hard against Shu, but Ming Shizong did not allow them. Regardless of the opposition of the court officials, Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty worshipped his father as emperor Xingxian in October, his grandmother Shao as empress dowager, and his mother empress cixiaoxian as empress Xingxian. In the first month of the first year of Jiajing (1522), Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty named Xiaozong huangkao, Empress Dowager cishou as the Virgin Mary, and empress Xingxian as his parents. In September 1538, Emperor Xingxian was honored as "emperor Ruizong knew heaven and guarded the way, hongdeyuanren Kuanmu was pure saint, respectful and simple, respectful and respectful to the literature emperor", and his memorial tablet was promoted to juotai temple, ranking above emperor Wuzong of Ming Dynasty, and the tomb of King Xingxian was changed to Xianling. The event of Dali discussion finally ended with the victory of emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty.

Reform the current situation

When Emperor Shizong succeeded to the throne, he clarified a series of maladministration during the reign of emperor Wuzong, and there was a clear political trend. In Zhengde's reign, those ministers who were not guilty of remonstrance will be re employed, and the land rent will be reduced by half next year, and all taxes that have not been paid since 15 years ago will be exempted. In the 16th year of Zhengde (1521), Dali silver mine was destroyed. Kill Qian Ning in the same month and Jiang Bin in June. Release the rare birds and animals in the inner court, so that they can't be offered later.

Politically, Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty succeeded to the throne, provided logistics for government affairs, reorganized the court platform, and carried out new policies. It is necessary to abolish the eunuch, to strengthen the supervision system, and to strictly enforce the functions and powers of the branch factory and the Department of justice. Zhang Cong, Xia Yan and other virtuous officials were appointed seriously. He learned the lesson of eunuch's power and disorder in the former dynasty. He strictly controlled the eunuch, and the centralization of power was revived and strengthened, which made the government a new one. Ming Shizong also paid more attention to the selection of officials based on their character and ability. He has repeatedly decreed that the ministers of the two capitals, the officials of the imperial court, the Ministry of science and Taoism, and the officials of foreign governors should consult and interview the talents. Ming Shizong said: "if there are talents and talents who are worthy of important tasks, they should be recommended by the public regardless of their qualifications. If there is a vacancy in the Ministry of officials, they should also be used as appropriate, and they are not allowed to evade suspicion." Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty changed the system of hereditary nobility and became a permanent system. In the eighth year of Jiajing (1529), Fang Xianfu of the Ministry of official said: "since the reign of emperor Hongxi of Mingren, he began to confer on his relatives. Later, there were many dignitaries in his family, and most of their titles were handed down from generation to generation." Therefore, some ministers suggested that emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty begin to carry out the policy: only one of his relatives who has been granted a title will be given a lifetime, and his descendants can no longer inherit the title. In the future, the emperor's relatives and his son-in-law will no longer be allowed to ask for the title. This system became permanent after the ruling of emperor Shizong. Even the mother of emperor Shizong, Empress Dowager Jiang's family and empress Chen's family were not allowed to inherit the hereditary nobility.

Economically, Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty strictly reformed corruption and perverted the law, explored the imperial manor and Xunqi manor, and returned the land to the people. From Hongzhi to Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty, some people sometimes mentioned the seriousness of the loss of land, but it did not attract the attention and discussion of the government and the opposition. In 1529, Huo Tao was ordered to fix the ceremony. He pointed out that from Hongwu to Hongzhi, the area of farmland in the world has been reduced by half. During the Jiajing period, the reform of Taxation and servitude system was carried out in some areas. In 1530, during the period of taking part in the maintenance of the railway, Guihe went to the shujiance to check the new land and edit the corvee. It was approved by Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty. This reform failed to be further carried out because guicalyx begged for rest and returned to Li the next year due to illness. The reform effect of "one whip method" initiated by Guihe is remarkable, which is to examine and approve the tax, grain and corvee separately, and collect them in a unified way, in order to make them even. It provides a reference for the tax and Corvee System Reform of later generations.

Culturally, Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty cleaned up the imperial examination system immediately after he ascended the throne to ensure the healthy development of the election; advocated the combination of three ways to stimulate morale; reorganized the school administration to strengthen the educational function of the school. Correct the title and ceremony of Confucius. In the early period of Ming Shizong's reign, "capitalism" began to sprout, culture and science and technology were unprecedentedly prosperous, and a large number of excellent literary works and outstanding figures emerged. However, in the middle age of emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty, the cost of frontier defense was increasing day by day. In addition, the emperor's construction and superstition led to the reduction of the emperor's money. Various industries are in decline, and even sell off Temple fields and redeem the army, which can not meet the financial needs of the country. It can be seen that the financial economy has come to the brink of collapse.

Advocating Taoism and disorderly administration

In the middle of Ming Dynasty, because of the abuse of the emperor's power, the country gradually lost its power

Chinese PinYin : Ming Shi Zong