Zhou Gucheng

Zhou Gucheng

Zhou Gucheng (1898-1996),

He is a famous historian, educator and social activist in China. He once served as vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, executive director and first executive chairman of China history society, President of China Pacific history society, vice chairman of Shanghai Federation of philosophy and Social Sciences, and President of Shanghai History society. Born on September 13, 1898 (July 28, the 24th year of Guangxu), he was a farmer in changhukou, Yiyang County, Hunan Province. In 1913, he entered Changsha No.1 middle school, Hunan Province. In 1921, he was admitted to the English Department of Beijing Normal University.

Since the autumn of 1942, Zhou Gucheng has been teaching in Fudan University, serving as the head of the Department of history and Dean of education. He later served as vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and chairman of the Committee on education, science, culture and health, and once served as vice chairman and chairman of the China agriculture and industry Democratic Party. He studied Esperanto in his early years and was enthusiastic about the promotion of Esperanto. In 1981, he initiated the friends of Esperanto with Hu Yuzhi, Chu Tunan and other celebrities. Later, he attended the forum of friends of Esperanto and advocated Esperanto.

Life of the characters

After the failure of the national revolution in 1927, Zhou Gucheng went to Shanghai to make a living by selling articles and translating. He has published many papers on China's rural areas and the transformation of China's education, and published new theories on Rural Society (Shanghai Far East Library, 1939) and a brief history of China's education (Taidong library, 1929). He also translated "the way out of culture" and "the new education of the Soviet Union". From 1927 to 1930, he taught in the middle school attached to Jinan University and China public school. From 1930 to 1933, Zhou Gucheng was a professor and head of the Department of sociology at Sun Yat sen University. During that period, he wrote a number of works on Chinese society, such as the structure of Chinese Society (1930), the changes of Chinese Society (new life bookstore, 1931), and the current situation of Chinese Society (1933). From 1932 to 1942, he was a professor and head of the Department of history and social sciences of Jinan University. From then on to the 30 years of the Republic of China, Zhou Gucheng was a professor and head of the History Department of Jinan University. During this period, he wrote two volumes of general history of China, which was published by Kaiming bookstore in the 28th year of the Republic of China. In the book, he first put forward and applied the theory of "historical Gestalt", aiming to point out the organic organization and inevitable law of historical events. The political history of China was published by Zhonghua Book Company in the 31st year of the Republic of China and reprinted in 1983. Zhou Gucheng has been teaching in Fudan University since the autumn of 1942. He once served as the director and Dean of the history department, and later as a professor and doctoral supervisor of the History Department of Fudan University. He actively participated in the patriotic democratic movement and published a large number of political articles, such as on China's modernization (1943), on the irresistible trend of Democracy (1944), on the establishment of democratic politics and the elimination of bureaucracy (1945), Chinese peasants in the people's era (1946), politics in China in the past 50 years (1947), and China's independence In 1947 and 1949, the feudal forces were thoroughly eliminated. After teaching in Fudan University, Zhou Gucheng engaged in democratic progress activities and was employed as a consultant of the democratic political League alliance. He issued a joint declaration with Tao Xingzhi and others to support the idea of the Communist Party of China forming a coalition government, organized a university professor's association with Zhang zhirang and others, and drafted an anti Jiang declaration with Jian Bozan and others. He was removed from his post as head of the Department and arrested for supporting students' anti persecution, Anti Japan and anti hunger activities. In the 35th year of the Republic of China, he and Zhang zhirang and pan Zhenya organized the Democratic professors' Association of Shanghai University. In September 1949, he attended the first plenary session of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference. In 1949, the general history of the world, written by Zhou Gucheng, was published. The book adopts various regions and narrates at the same time, breaking the old frame of world history with Europe as the center, and has been reprinted many times. Thus Zhou Gucheng became the only author of two general histories among contemporary historians. After the founding of new China, Zhou Gucheng successively served as a member of the Shanghai Municipal People's government, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress and chairman of the culture and Education Committee, vice chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, deputy to the first, second, third and Fifth National People's Congress, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the sixth and Seventh National People's Congress and chairman of the education, science, culture and Health Committee, and member of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference. He joined the Democratic Party of agriculture and industry of China in 1952. In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China, he served as a member of the academic committee of the first Institute of history of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and founded the Shanghai Society of history. He once served as the executive director and member of the presidium of the Chinese society of history, the first executive chairman, the president of the Chinese Taipingyang society of history, the vice chairman of the Shanghai Federation of philosophy and Social Sciences, and the Shanghai Society of history president. On November 22, 1988, Deng Xiaoping shook hands with Zhou Gucheng, the representative of the Fifth National Congress of the people's Republic of China. On November 10, 1996, Zhou Gucheng died in Shanghai at the age of 98. in addition to the courses of general history of China and general history of the world, the course of world cultural history was first set up after the founding of the people's Republic of China. When teaching the general history of China, he emphasized the theory of historical Gestalt, intended to clarify the necessity of each historical event as a whole historical process, and put forward a unique Chinese historical staging method; when teaching the general history of the world, he advocated focusing on the overall situation, unifying the whole, and opposing the world history centered on Europe, and successively published the concept of the overall situation in Historiography (1959)《 On the importance of the ancient history of Western Asia (1960), on the history of the world without cosmopolitanism (1961) and the "Eurocentrism" which puzzles people (1961) have a far-reaching influence on the teaching and research of world history in China. He has a broad vision, advocates the combination of micro and macro, compares Chinese and foreign history, and writes a comparative study of Chinese and foreign history (1981), putting forward new views on the study of history. He is involved in the teaching of Chinese and foreign subjects, such as ancient and modern history, philosophy, logic, etc. Over the past 60 years, he has written millions of words, published more than 10 monographs and more than 200 papers. For example: life system (1924), new theory of rural society (1927), three volumes of history of Chinese Society (1931), two volumes of general history of China (1939), Chinese political history (1940), evolution of Chinese Historiography (1947), three volumes of general history of the world (1949), outline of Hegel's logic (1951 translation), zero evidence of ancient history (1956), and metaphysics In addition, he also wrote the following works: formal logic and dialectics (1960), history and aesthetics (1980), poetry collection (1985), etc. The selected historical papers of Zhou Gucheng (1983) have been published. In his nineties, he edited the series of Chinese cultural history and the series of world culture, which were published in the late 1980s.

Characters and deeds

In 1913, at the age of 15, Zhou Gucheng was admitted to Changsha provincial No. 1 middle school in Hunan Province. It was the first provincial middle school in Hunan Province. The founder and the first principal of the school were in accordance with each other. The school is strictly governed by the motto of "public, brave, diligent and thrifty" to encourage students. Entering the provincial No.1 middle school, Zhou Gucheng stepped into a new world. He was interested in English, mathematics and chemistry and was eager to learn. he had eight years of reading experience in "Zhou's Ethnology" and developed a good foundation of ancient prose. Zhou Gucheng's composition has always been among the best in the class. At that time, he had systematically read historical records, Hanshu, Guoyu, ZhanGuoCe and other ancient books. When writing, he liked to quote classics and explain the truth. Yuan Ji, a Chinese language teacher, said: "when I was teaching in the first normal school, Mao Zedong was the best student of ancient Chinese; when I was teaching in the provincial No.1 middle school, Zhou Gucheng was the best student of ancient Chinese." Yuan Jiliu, a Jinshi of the former Qing Dynasty, is a teacher of Hunan No.1 normal school. He is also employed to teach Chinese in No.1 middle school. He often cites Zhou Gucheng's articles as an example when commenting on his compositions in No.1 middle school. Zhou Gucheng and Mao Zedong had three teachers in common, and the other two were Yang Changji and Fu Dingyi. Yang Changji was the father of martyr Yang Kaihui. At that time, he taught self-cultivation in provincial No.1 middle school. Zhou Gucheng was deeply impressed by his knowledge, morality and demeanor. Fu Dingyi was an old Confucian in the former Qing Dynasty. When Yuan Shikai became emperor, Yang Du initiated the establishment of the "chou'an Association". Fu Dingyi kept up with him and became the president of the chou'an Association in Hunan. However, like Yang Du, his later thoughts turned to socialism. Zhou Gucheng graduated from Hunan Provincial No.1 Middle School in 1917 and was admitted to the English Department of Beijing Normal University. As soon as he entered the University, he met a great patriotic movement in modern Chinese history, the May 4th movement. Zhou Gucheng later recalled that it was during that period that he eagerly read the new youth and many original philosophical works. He was very much in favor of scientific and democratic views. He also had extensive contact with all kinds of new ideas and read a large number of Chinese and foreign books reflecting the social and political thoughts at that time, including Marxist and pragmatic books. extensive reading, eclecticism, contention of a hundred schools of thought, and innovation were the ethos of the intellectual and academic circles during the May 4th movement, as well as the academic ethos of Beijing Normal University at that time, which can be said to have affected his academic path all his life. Since then, Zhou Gucheng has been on the road of learning

Chinese PinYin : Zhou Gu Cheng