Kong Shangren

Kong Shangren

Kong Shangren (from November 1, 1648 to 1718) was a man of Yunting mountain. He was called Dongtang (the East Hall in Suiyuan Shihua) and an Tang (the East Hall in Suiyuan Shihua). He was born in Qufu, Shandong Province. He was a poet and dramatist in the early Qing Dynasty.

Kong Shangren inherited the Confucian tradition and scholarship. He paid attention to rites, music, soldiers, agriculture and other knowledge since he was young. He also researched the music rhythm, which laid the foundation of music knowledge for opera creation. His main works include the legendary drama peach blossom fan, the legend of little thunder (cooperating with Gu Cai) and the drama big thunder.

Kong Shangren and Hong Sheng, the author of the palace of eternal life, are known as "South Hong and North Kong" and are known as the two stars shining on the literary world in the Kangxi period. Their works represent the highest achievement of ancient Chinese historical dramas, and are also treasures in the world's cultural treasure house.

(the general picture is taken from the statue of Kong Shangren in Guyun Caotang, Shimen mountain, Qufu, Shandong Province)

Life of the characters

Seeking fame

Kong Shangren, the 64 generation grandson of Confucius, was born in Hushang village, Qufu City, Shandong Province on September 17, 1648.

Shunzhi 12 years (1655) into Kong mengyan zengsi school.

Qing Emperor Kangxi five years (1666), 19-year-old scholar.

In August of the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), he failed in the rural examination in Jinan. In September, I visited Shimen mountain to choose a place to live in seclusion. During his seclusion, he wrote the first draft of Peach Blossom Fan, but did not decorate it with color.

In the 20th year of Kangxi (1681), diantian donated to the son of the state to supervise his birth.

In the autumn of 1682, at the request of Kong Yuqi, the emperor of Yan, he went out of the mountain to cure his wife Zhang's funeral.

In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the Confucian genealogy was revised.

In the 23rd year of Kangxi reign (1684), the Confucian genealogy and que Li Zhi were compiled. They trained ritual students, music and dance students in the Confucius Temple, and supervised the production of ritual and music sacrificial utensils until the end of autumn. On November 18, Kangxi paid a visit to the Confucius Temple in Qufu to offer sacrifices and visit the Confucius forest. Kong Shangren was praised for his lecture and tour guide. On the first day of December, he was awarded the title of doctor of Guozijian by the Ministry of official affairs.

Official career

In 1685, Kangxi entered the imperial prison. In February, he gave lectures in Guozijian.

In July of the 25th year of Kangxi (1686), he was ordered to follow sun zaifeng, Minister of the Ministry of industry, to Huaiyang to dredge the Haikou of the Yellow River.

In August of the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), he rewritten the second draft of Peach Blossom Fan.

In February 1690, Kangxi returned to Beijing and became a doctor of Guozijian.

In the autumn of 1691, the Emperor Kangxi bought xiaohulei, a Tang made huqin.

Legendary creation

In the 33rd year of Kangxi (1694), in July, he cooperated with Gu Cai to write the legend of xiaohulei.

In the 34th year of Kangxi (1695), in the spring, he moved to the head of the household department and was appointed as the supervisor of Baoquan Bureau.

In June of 1699, the thirty eighth year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, Peach Blossom Fan was written in three changes.

At the beginning of March in the 39th year of Kangxi (1700), he was promoted to wailang, a member of the Department of accounts of Guangdong Qing Dynasty. In mid March, he was dismissed.

To live in seclusion

Kangxi 41 years (1702) late winter, returned from Beijing.

In 1706, he went to Zhending mansion to find Liu Zhongzhu, a friend he met in Beijing. He arrived in Zhending in May and returned home in July.

In the autumn of 1707, the 46th year of Kangxi reign, he left home for Shanxi, passed Taigu, and arrived at Pingyang Prefecture. In December, he helped to compile Pingyang Prefecture annals.

In the spring of 1708, Tianjin poet Tong Hong came to Qufu to visit Kong Shangren and read the peach blossom fan. He was very appreciative and immediately took out 50 liang of silver to hire a craftsman to carve it, which laid a foundation for the spread of the peach blossom fan.

In the summer of 1709, the 48th year of Emperor Kangxi, he left home and traveled to the south. He arrived in Wuchang half a year later. He spent the Spring Festival in the house of Chen Shen, governor of Huguang, and then returned to the north.

In the spring of 1712, when he was forced by his life, he went to Laizhou to work as an aide to Chen Qian, the magistrate of Laizhou.

In the winter of 1714, he went to Huainan to visit Liu tingji, a friend he had long known but never met.

In 1718, he died in Qufu.

Main impact

literature

Kong Shangren is famous for his literary achievements. After becoming a scholar, he compiled chronicles for Yansheng mansion and was praised. He created the legend of Peach Blossom Fan, and soon became famous in the drama world.

The Peach Blossom Fan was first drafted by Kong Shangren when he lived in seclusion in Shimen. It took about 20 years to finish it in 1699. Peach blossom fan is a historical play that describes the rise and fall of the Southern Ming Dynasty. The whole play takes the joys and sorrows of Hou Fangyu and Li Xiangjun as the main line, showing the social reality of Nanjing in the late Ming Dynasty. At the same time, it also reveals the reasons for the decline of Hongguang regime, praises the national heroes and the bottom people who are loyal to the country, and shows the pain of the Ming Dynasty adherents. Its content is rich and profound, and its keynote is to mourn the fall of Nanming Dynasty, to praise patriotism and to explore the ideal of life. It is not only an elegy to mourn the death of Nanming Dynasty, but also an ode to express strong national emotion and patriotism. It is also a painful reflection of his summing up historical experience and lessons and exploring life ideal under the guise of Youmeng Yiguan. Artistically, the author created unique characters and accumulated practical experience in shaping historical characters. He has made outstanding artistic achievements in plot structure, language use and many other aspects. He has become a representative work of historical drama in Qing Dynasty and a treasure of ancient Chinese opera. His criticism of the empty talk of the scholar bureaucrats and scholars, which was harmful to the country, objectively played a positive role in the progressive trend of thought of advocating practical learning in the Qing Dynasty. After the Peach Blossom Fan was finished, it was first circulated as a copy. After printing, there are different versions. Although the audience and readers have different opinions on it, its influence is far-reaching.

The structure of peach blossom fan is strict, the needle and thread are fine and close, and the language application focuses on elegance without losing its truth and elegance without losing its vulgarity. It has created unprecedented unique characters and accumulated practical experience in shaping historical characters. His cautious realistic writing attitude and creative method have influenced the creative methods of later dramatists. For example, Dong Rong of Qing Dynasty wrote the legend of Zhi Kan Ji in 1752, but his writing attitude and creative method were intended to imitate Kong Shangren and his peach blossom fan. After the Peach Blossom Fan was written, the princes and gentry kept copying it. Even the palace envoys asked for scripts, "when you enter Zhidi at midnight, you enter neifu" (Kong Shangren: the essence and end of Peach Blossom Fan). "It's said that this song is the favorite of Shengzu. It's not for the banquet in the inner court to play this song Every time there are many twists and turns in Shi Chao and Xuan you, they often frown and say, "Hongguang Hongguang, although you want to survive, how can you get it?" they often stop drinking for it (Wu Mei: "Gu Qu Zhu Tan") obviously took it as a historical warning to warn his officials not to follow the mistakes of Nanming Dynasty. It was adapted into novels, movies, plays and other literary works of different genres, which promoted the spread of the original works. In many local operas, the drama of the same name adapted from Kong Shangren's peach blossom fan has always been popular.

Kong Shangren and Gu Cai's the legend of xiaohulei is also a legendary historical play. The Drama Da Hu Lei is also his work. Most of his dramas describe love stories, flog the tyrannical and arrogant power traitors, and denounce the snobs. This theme comes down in one continuous line in xiaohulei and peach blossom fan.

"The legend of xiaohulei" tells the story of Liang Houben, a scholar, who was born in the reign of Wenzong Yuanhe in the Tang Dynasty during the Shangsi Festival. Taking the love story between Liang Houben and Zheng Yingying as a clue, the author organically intersperses with the important historical facts of Yuanhe and Taihe years in the late Middle Tang Dynasty, such as the changes of pinghuai CAI and Ganlu. Based on the historical facts, the author points out the dark reality of political corruption, the power of traitors, the victimization of the loyal and the good, and the injustice of the sages in the late Middle Tang Dynasty The traitors, especially the eunuch group, strongly attacked and lashed them, and created the negative image of Qiu Shiliang, a traitor, vicious and domineering eunuch leader.

Like the legend of xiaohulei, Da Hulei is also based on the anecdotes of the Tang Dynasty. There is only a 20% discount for dahului: buy huqin and broken huqin. Chen Zi'ang, a talented scholar from Shu area in Tang Dynasty, is a well-off man with outstanding talent. He went to Chang'an, Kyoto to study and sightseeing. The plot of the play is based on the story of Chen Zi'ang's buying huqin at a high price, but breaking huqin to present his own poems and essays in the chronicle of Tang poetry. It is played up to express his feeling of being unable to meet his talent. The clue is single, the plot is concentrated, the story is complete and the theme is clear.

At the same time, Kong Shangren is also a writer. His poems sympathize with the people's livelihood, express the sense of rise and fall, express the frustration of official career, depict scenic spots and scenic spots, and have a certain position in the history of literature.

Kong Shangren's poems are rich and colorful. The first is to sympathize with the people's livelihood and express "the sound of groaning and pain" (Kong Shangren: "Fujun with Tian lunxia"). The second is to express the national emotion. The third is to describe the poverty and hardship and the rough official career, and express the depression and resentment of being slandered. The fourth is to depict places of interest, mountains and rivers, in order to express the heart. On the whole, Kong Shangren's poems are characterized by his temperament and his true feelings, which can promote the elimination of archaism in the early Qing Dynasty. Kong Shangren's poems are few. Kong chuanduo pointed out that for Kong Shangren, "Ci is not the master's strong point, but it's also a collection of Gu."

Chinese PinYin : Kong Shang Ren