Dong Yuan
Dong Yuan
Dong Yuan (year of birth and death unknown), the word Shuda, Hongzhou Zhongling (now Zhongling Township, Jinxian County, Jiangxi Province) people. Five Dynasties painting master, the founder of southern landscape painting, together with Li Cheng and fan Kuan, known as "three masters of Northern Song Dynasty".
During the Southern Tang Dynasty, he once served as the Deputy envoy of Beiyuan, known as "Dongbeiyuan". After the Southern Tang Dynasty perished, it entered the Northern Song Dynasty. Good at landscape painting, part-time work figures, animals. His landscape was first drawn by Jing Hao, and his brushwork was strong. Later, he painted the real scenery of the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River. Shulin distant trees, Pingyuan deep, textured like hemp skin, later known as "Pi Ma Cun". The moss on the top of the mountain is fine, the water color is river sky, the clouds are dark, the mountains are around, and the bridge of Tingzhu river is sincere. "Plain and naive, there is no such product in Tang Dynasty" (Mi Fu).
The surviving works include the painting of waiting for crossing at the mouth of Xiajing mountain, the painting of Xiaoxiang, the painting of Xiashan mountain, the painting of river bank, the painting of cold forest and chongting, the painting of longsu countryside, the painting of Pinglin JISE, etc.
Life of the characters
Dong Yuan (about 937-962), a famous painter of Five Dynasties, was born in Zhongling (now in the northwest of Jinxian, Jiangxi Province). He once served as the Deputy envoy of Beiyuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty, known as Dongbeiyuan. After the Southern Tang Dynasty perished, it entered the Northern Song Dynasty. He died in the early years of the Song Dynasty.
Main achievements
He is good at using ink to paint the misty and humid landscape in the south of the Yangtze River. The color is light and not strange. Mountains and rocks are textured with hemp skin and covered with alum heads and moss spots. They are used to create the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River, which is covered by mountains, clouds and mists. They surpass the techniques of the Tang Dynasty. They are unique in the heavy color landscape painting. Later generations recommend that they are the pioneers of the Southern School of landscape painting. He is good at mountains and rivers and also works as an animal. Most of his landscape paintings are based on the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, which is not very steep. According to the records, he mostly paints the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, which is "plain and innocent, and there is no such thing in the Tang Dynasty". Mi Fu once praised his mountains and waters, saying: "the peaks and mountains are around, the clouds are obscure, and if you don't pretend to be clever, you will be naive.". It is recorded in the painting mirror of the Five Dynasties: "there are two kinds of landscapes in Dongyuan: the same ink painting, sparse forest and distant trees, deep and deep, mountains and stones are covered with hemp and textured; the same coloring, textured text is rare, the color is thick and ancient, the characters are mostly red and green, and the faces are also plain. Both are excellent Shen Kuo of the Northern Song Dynasty mentioned in Mengxi Bi Tan: "Dong Yuan is good at painting, long Gong and Qiulan in the long-term. He mostly writes about the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, which is not the brush of the strange mountains." he also said that "his brush is very careless, and the nearsightedness is not similar to things, but the scenery is charming when you look at it from a distance..." In the history of painting, Dong Yuan, fan Kuan and Li Cheng were called the three masters in the early Northern Song Dynasty.
He is also good at drawing dragons. He is the same as Jing Hao, Guan Tong and Ju ran. Among them, Ju Ran is the heir. Mi Fu and his son, Zhao Mengfu, Shen Zhou, Zhang Hong, Wen Zhengming and Dong Qichang were all influenced by him, forming a major school of painting. The handed down works include the painting of Xiaoxiang, which is now in the Palace Museum; the painting of xiajingshankou waiting for crossing, which is in the Liaoning Provincial Museum; and the painting of xiashankou, which is in the Shanghai Museum.
Anecdotes and allusions
Dong Yuan's landscape paintings were favored by Li Jing, the leader of the Southern Tang Dynasty. It is said that when Li Jing was young, he built a villa in Lushan Mountain to integrate the beautiful scenery of mountain spring, forest and garden. In order to see the scenery of Lushan Mountain from time to time, he specially sent Dong Yuan to draw a picture of Lushan Mountain. Dong Yuan skillfully drew the five old peaks, the cloud and smoke pines, the spring rocks and the courtyard villas into one picture. After watching, Li Jing was full of praise and love. He ordered people to hang in his bedroom and enjoy the paintings day and night, just like living in Lushan Mountain for a long time. This shows that Dong Yuan's ingenious conception and superb landscape art.
Another time, suddenly a heavy snow, overwhelming, Kyoto presents a silver world. Seeing this, Li Jing summoned all the officials to go up to the building to hold a banquet, enjoy the snow and write poems, and called in the masters of painting at that time, such as Dong Yuan, Gao Taichong, Zhou Wenju, Zhu Cheng and Xu chongsi. Each of them has his own strong points and works together. Gao Taichong painted the main image, Zhou Wenju painted the courtiers and musicians, Zhu Cheng painted the pavilions and palaces, Dong Yuan painted the snow bamboo forest, and Xu chongsi painted the fish and birds in the pond. Soon a vivid picture of enjoying the snow was completed. Dong Yuan's painting of snow bamboo forest directly depicts the scene of snow and winter. He had a plan in mind and didn't panic when facing the battle. He let go to sketch the scenery and vividly depicted the scene of snow pressing bamboo and the cold forest. This activity and the picture of enjoying the snow were recorded by Guo Ruoxu, an art critic in the Northern Song Dynasty. Unfortunately, the picture can no longer be seen.
Artistic achievements
Dong Yuan is not only good at landscape painting, but also can draw cattle, tigers, dragons and figures. Therefore, as a landscape painter, Dong Yuan is not specialized in one. The people of Song Dynasty praised its large-scale landscape design for its rich scenery, just like Li sixun's style. But its most original and the highest achievement is the ink landscape. He used the methods of PI Ma Cun and Dian Tai to express the natural features of the Jiangnan area, and vividly described the scenery of the Jiangnan area with obscure peaks and hills, covered by islets and misty forests. His brushwork is very cursory, and his nearsightedness is almost different from that of objects. When he looks far away, the scenery is charming and creative in skill. In his famous painting, the scenery of hills in the south of the Yangtze River and the scenery of Xiaokou in summer are vividly displayed. His brush and ink techniques are fully adapted to the specific scenery he shows. Critic Wang Jinyu said that Dong Yuan of the Five Dynasties created the PI Ma Cun based on the real life scene and spiritual feelings, as well as the practical needs of painting.
In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo said that he wrote more about the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River. Most of the mountains are hills in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Most of them are undulating hills with earth and rocks, and few of them are steep. This is in sharp contrast to the magnificent northern mountains that Jing Hao showed earlier than him. Dong Yuan attaches great importance to the depiction of landscape characters, often with the plot of genre painting, sometimes it is the theme of the whole painting. Although the body is small, simple and refined, the characters are all set with blue, red, white and other heavy colors, which set off with the ink texturing point, not a kind of ancient taste. His works handed down from generation to generation include the painting of the villagers living in the countryside.
Dong Yuan created a new style of ink landscape painting, which was followed by monk Juran at that time, and later became known as Dong Ju. In the Song Dynasty, in addition to Mi Fu and Shen Kuo's great appreciation of Dong Ju's painting school, in the Yuan Dynasty, the trend of imitating Dong Ju gradually began. Tang Xun thought that "landscape painting in Tang Dynasty was first prepared in Song Dynasty, such as (Dong) and Yuan Dynasty, which was superior to other Emperors", and he had a new understanding of Dong Yuan. The four schools in the late Yuan Dynasty and the Wu school in the Ming Dynasty took Dong Yuan as an example. Although the "Nanzong" theorists in the late Ming Dynasty regarded Wang Wei as the "ancestor of Nanzong painting" in theory, they actually described Dong Yuan as their ancestor. Huang Gongwang of the Yuan Dynasty said, "those who make landscapes must learn from Dong, such as Du who is a poet.". Wang Jian of Qing Dynasty said that "Dong Ju is a painter, and Zhong Wang is a calligrapher.". It is rare in the history of Chinese landscape painting that Dong Yuan had such a far-reaching influence in later generations.
According to the history of painting, Dong is good at landscape painting. He is omnipotent in character, cloud dragon and ox tiger. He is especially famous for landscape painting, which created the Southern School of landscape painting. Most of his landscape paintings are based on the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, which is not very steep. According to the records, he mostly paints the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, which is "plain and innocent, and there is no such thing in the Tang Dynasty". Mi Fu once praised his mountains and waters, saying: "the peaks and mountains are around, the clouds are obscure, and if you don't pretend to be clever, you will be naive.". It is recorded in the painting mirror of the Five Dynasties: "there are two kinds of landscapes in Dongyuan: the same ink painting, sparse forest and distant trees, deep and deep, mountains and stones are covered with hemp and textured; the same coloring, textured text is rare, the color is thick and ancient, the characters are mostly red and green, and the faces are also plain. Both are excellent Shen Kuo of the Northern Song Dynasty mentioned in his Mengxi Bi Tan: "Dong Yuan is good at painting, long Gong and Qiulan in the distant future. He mostly writes about the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, which is not the brush of the strange mountains." he also said that "his brush is very careless, and there are few kinds of near-sighted objects, but the scenery is charming in the distance...". He is good at painting water and ink and light colored landscapes. He likes to use textured brush like hemp skin to show the mountains. There are many moss spots on the top of fantou (stone on the top of the mountain). He often paints the Jiangnan scenery with dense trees, sticks on the hills, clouds and mists. Later generations call his works plain and naive, which is unprecedented in the Tang Dynasty. There are also works with strong colors. There are few mountain and stone patterns, and the scenery is rich, which is close to Li sixun's style, but more indulgent and lively.
Character evaluation
Guo Ruoxu: "ink like Wang Wei, coloring like Li sixun."
Shen Kuo's Mengxi Bi Tan: "when the south of the Yangtze River was in charge, Dong Yuan, an envoy of Beiyuan, was good at painting, especially in Qiulan's perspective. He wrote more about the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, which is not strange. After that, Juran, a monk of Jianye, explained the source method from his ancestors, and all of them achieved wonderful theory. The general source and Juran brush are suitable to be viewed from afar. His brushwork is very cursory, and there are few kinds of objects in his short sight. When he looks far away, the scenery is charming, and he thinks far away, just like seeing a foreign land. For example, in the painting "the picture of falling photo" by Yuan Yuan, the village is far-reaching and far-sighted from afar, and I know that it is the night scene; the top of the far peak looks like a reflection, which is also a beauty! "
Mi Fu's history of painting: "Dong Yuan is plain and naive, and there is no such product in Tang Dynasty, which is on Bi Hong. There is no comparison between gegao and other modern products. There are mountains and hills, clouds and mists, and if you don't pretend to be clever, you will be naive; the haze is gloomy, the branches are strong, and there is a business in salt; the river bridge, the fishing pool, and the Zhouzhu are hidden, and there is a whole area of South China. "
"Xuanhe Huapu" says: "it describes the mountains and rivers, the wind and rain valleys, the mountains and rivers are obscure, the forest is misty and the clouds are misty, the husband is thousands of rocks and gullies, the heavy Ting is absolutely shore, so that visitors can get it. It's really like the place where the eyes are, and it's enough to help poets and poets chant and think, it's indescribable.".
Tang Xun's Huajian: "landscape painting in Tang Dynasty was first prepared in Song Dynasty, such as (Dong) and Yuan Dynasty, which was superior to other emperors." "Dong Yuan has the air of mountain, Li Cheng has the appearance of mountain, and fan Kuan has the bone skill of mountain."
Huang Gongwang: "those who make mountains and rivers must take Dong as their teacher, just like Du who studies poetry."
Wu Zhen: "Dong Yuan's painting" the painting of cold forest in chongting "has a vigorous style, which is rare in the world
Dong Qichang: "in the past, there were people who took painting as a fake landscape, but those who took landscape as a real one. How can we see the reverse. Dong Yuan's painting of the world is like the wind of stars. This volume (referring to the painting of Xiaoxiang) is especially absurd. " "The style of writing is second-hand It can be called the dragon in the picture. "
Zhang Chou:“
Chinese PinYin : Dong Yuan
Dong Yuan
