Plum

Plum

This data is reviewed by the project of data compilation and application of Science Encyclopedia of science popularization in China.

Plum (also known as green plum), belongs to Rosa, is the fruit of fruit plum tree, but the general ornamental plum is other kinds of plum. Plum is also known as plum, green plum and plum fruit. Plum is a deciduous tree with red, pink or white flowers, blooming in winter and spring cold season. The fruit is spherical and mostly processed as food. Prunus mume belongs to armeniacum Sieb. Of Rosaceae. Also known as green plum, plum, sour plum. It is a subtropical fruit tree native to China.

History of Botany

Plum is native to southern China and has been cultivated for more than 3000 years. Many types are not only cultivated in open field for viewing, but also can be used as potted flowers to make plum piles. Flowers can extract essence, flowers, leaves, roots and seeds can be used as medicine. The fruit can be eaten, salted or dried, or smoked into black plum. It has the effect of relieving cough, diarrhea, producing body fluid and thirst. Plum is also resistant to root nematodes and can be used as rootstock for stone fruit trees.

morphological character

Small trees, sparse shrubs, 4-10 m high; bark light gray or greenish, smooth; branchlets green, smooth, glabrous. Leaf blade ovate or elliptic, 4-8 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide, apex caudal tip, base broadly cuneate to round, margin often small acute serrate, gray green, pubescent on both sides when young, gradually falling off when growing, or only pubescent in axillary veins below; petiole 1-2 cm long, hairy when young, falling off when old, often glandular. flowers solitary or sometimes two in one bud, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, strongly fragrant, opening before leaves; pedicel short, ca. 1-3 mm long, often glabrous; calyx usually reddish brown, but some varieties of calyx green or greenish purple; calyx tube broadly campanulate, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; sepals ovate or suborbicular, apex obtuse; petals obovate, white to pink; stamens short or pubescent Slightly longer than petals; ovary densely pilose, style short or slightly longer than stamens. the fruit is nearly spherical, 2-3cm in diameter, yellow or green white, pilose and sour; the flesh adheres to the core; the core is oval, with round tip and small protruding tip, tapered base, slightly flat on both sides, slightly obtuse ventral edge, obvious longitudinal groove on ventral and dorsal edge, and honeycombed holes on the surface. The flowering period is winter and spring, and the fruiting period is from May to June (in North China, the fruiting period extends to July to August).

Life habit

Plum like warm climate conditions, from the regional temperature of plum cultivation in China, the area with annual average temperature of 12 ~ 23 ℃ can be cultivated. If it is in the North Subtropics (such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, etc.), we should pay attention to the location with warmer early spring and less rain. Prunus mume is not strictly required for soil. It can be planted in acid or alkaline soil in both plain and mountain areas, but it is most suitable for cultivation in Hilly and hillside land with deep soil layer, loose soil, good drainage and slope below 30 ℃. Generally, the slope aspect facing south or East-West should be selected. Mei is particularly sensitive to industrial emissions. Especially the harm of fluoride has become a serious problem in plum cultivation. Therefore, we must choose a clean atmospheric environment and avoid pollution sources. Although some cultivars can self pollinate and set seeds, cross pollination can significantly increase the seed setting rate and yield, so pollination trees should be arranged. The proportion of pollination trees should not be less than 3 ∶ 1. The planting density should consider the characteristics of long life and large crown, so it should not be too dense. The specific density should be determined according to the management level, variety characteristics, soil fertility and shaping methods. Generally, the spacing between plants and rows is 4 m × 4 m or 4 m × 5 m, and 41 or 33 plants are planted per mu. The soil layer is barren and thin, and the row spacing is 3.5 m × 4 m, with 47 plants per mu.

Distribution range

In China, there are more than 3000 years of fruit plum cultivation history, rich in germplasm resources, a total of 205 varieties, including 13 kinds of white plum, 95 kinds of green plum, 83 kinds of red plum, and 14 kinds of introduced Japanese varieties. There are 18 provinces (cities, districts) with cultivated or wild species, which are widely distributed in the north, south of the Yellow River Basin, south of Guangdong coast, west of Bomi, Tibet and east of Taiwan Island. Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi and Fujian developed rapidly, and Zhejiang, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces and cities also cultivated in large areas. According to incomplete statistics in 1995, the national cultivation area is about 1526000 mu, and the total output is about 132000 tons. In the future, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards and the development of the international market, the demand for plum products will be increasing. In particular, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asian countries and Hong Kong and Macao are favored. national geographical indication certification product - Yunnan Qingmei. It is produced in Eryuan County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province. It is known as the "hometown of plum fruit". The plum fruit has thick flesh, small nucleus and good taste. Its nutritional index ranks first in the country. The plum produced in 2200-2700 meters of Haibo is of high quality, large size, beautiful color, containing a variety of vitamins and organic acids. The flesh is thick, small, crisp and delicious. It is not only a summer fruit to produce fluid and quench thirst, but also a medicine raw material with a wide range of medical uses. Export to Japan, South Korea and other countries.

Nutrients

Plum contains protein, fat, sugar, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, citric acid, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, etc.

How to eat

Plum can be eaten fresh, can be made into plum tea, plum wine, can also be made into preserved fruit, can also be used as a variety of snacks or dishes ingredients. Patients with chronic cough due to lung deficiency, chronic fever and thirst, chronic diarrhea, chronic malaria, dysentery, hematochezia, hematuria, blood avalanche and Ascaris lumbricoides abdominal pain should eat. Plum contains more potassium and less sodium. Long term use of diuretics is suitable for eating plum or plum juice. People with too much acid should be cautious. Plum has strong acid astringency, and it is not suitable for people with damp heat accumulation. In addition, cyanic acid contained in green plum can make people poisoned. Eating more plums is bad for your teeth.

Health care effect

Plum is rich in citric acid and malic acid. Citric acid can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, increase appetite and digest protein. Because plum is acidic, it can't be eaten raw, but after processed into XianMei and other food, it can inhibit the bad bacteria in the intestines and has the effect of benefiting the intestines. when combined with calcium, citric acid can strengthen bones, promote iron absorption and blood circulation, and it can avoid lactic acid accumulation in the blood, so it can also prevent shoulder pain, low back pain, muscle fatigue or pain. because plum is rich in vitamins, it has the effect of preventing cold and improving hangover. In addition, citric acid can make blood circulation smooth, and has the effect of eliminating fatigue and slowing down aging. Fructus Mume is processed and smoked from green plum. It can make gallbladder contract, promote bile secretion, and has the effect of anti protein allergy. J Fructus Mume has significant antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentery, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, etc., and also has inhibitory effect on various skin fungi.

Mung bean sour plum soup

Mung bean 50 grams, plum 25 grams, sugar 3 grams. ① wash the mung beans and soak them in water for 1 hour. 2 boil the mung beans with water, add sour plum, cook until the beans are boiled, then add sugar. produce fluid to quench thirst and relieve heat.

Black plum and licorice tea

20 grams of black plum, 3 grams of licorice, 3 grams of green tea. 1. Soak the black plum in water, remove the core and cut it in half; wash the licorice. 2 put the pot on the middle fire, add appropriate amount of water, add black plum and licorice, boil for 15 minutes, add tea, decoct for a while, remove the residue and take the juice. nourishing body fluid and lungs, detoxifying and anticancer.

Wumei drink

Dangshen, Wumei each 10 grams, licorice 5 grams, rock sugar 5 grams. 1. Wash the black plum, remove the core and cut it in half; wash the Codonopsis pilosula and slice it; wash the licorice. 2. Place the casserole on a low heat, add appropriate amount of water, add Codonopsis pilosula, Fructus Mume and licorice, bring to a boil over a high heat, turn to a low heat and decoct for 1 hour until the soup is thick, then add sugar. Benefiting qi and promoting fluid production.

Processing method

Crisp Plum should be used in green plum harvested in tender plum stage; pickled plum, Mandarin plum, etc. should be used in green plum stage; plum wine, plum vinegar, etc. should be used in yellow plum stage.

Preserved plum

1. Sun the plum for a few days after washing, and dry it out. Rub it with coarse salt and fill the jar. The secret is to sprinkle a layer of salt at the bottom of the jar, put a layer of plum, then sprinkle another layer of salt, put another layer of plum, keep it full, and finally seal it with salt. 3. The jar has been sealed for a month. If the plum comes out of the water and the water overflows the plum, then it becomes. The water is plum vinegar. Plum vinegar is the best way to make ribs with plum juice. But it should be noted that plum vinegar is very salty and sour, so pay attention to the dosage when using it. < ol > < li > after picking the medium rare plum, wash it with clean water and boil it slowly. After

preserved plum

The yellow ripe plum, commonly known as Huangmei, is picked after the mangrove seed is used for making Huamei. Huangmei is picked from trees, washed, put in a large vat, soaked in brine for more than a month, and then taken out to dry. After drying, it is rinsed with water, and then dried in the sun. Then it is pickled with sugar, and then dried in the sun. This kind of plum, if well stored, can be preserved for several years without deterioration.

dark plum

Prunus mume, also known as suangmei, Huangzi, hehanmei and ganzhimei, is the near mature fruit of Prunus mume, a deciduous tree of Rosaceae, which is smoked by fireworks. If you use green plum to soak in salt water at night, there will be white frost after 10 days, which is called white frost plum. Its effect is similar and should not be the same. According to modern research. Green plum or plum

Chinese PinYin : Mei Zi