Huang Zongxi

Huang Zongxi

Huang Zongxi (from September 24, 1610 to August 12, 1695) was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. He was named Taichong, debing, Nanlei, old man of Lizhou, mountain man of Lizhou, fisherman of lanshui, master of Yucheng cave, Dean of Shuangpu, historian of ancient collection room, etc. he was also called "Mr. Lizhou" by scholars. The adherents of Ming Dynasty. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Confucian classics scholar, historian, thinker, geographer, astronomer, astronomer and educator. The eldest son of Huang zunsu, one of the seven gentlemen in Donglin.

Huang Zongxi put forward the democratic thought of "the world is the main, the king is the guest". He said that "the rule of chaos in the world lies not in the rise and fall of one surname, but in the worries and happiness of all the people." he advocated that the "law of the world" should replace the "law of one family" of the emperor, so as to limit the monarchy and ensure the basic rights of the people. Huang Zongxi's political views attacked the feudal autocratic monarchy, which was of great significance and played a positive role in the later anti autocratic struggle.

Huang Zongxi, together with Gu Yanwu, Wang Fuzhi and Tang Zhen, is known as the "four great thinkers of enlightenment in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties"; Gu Yanwu, Fang Yizhi, Wang Fuzhi and Zhu Shunshui are also known as the "five masters of enlightenment in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties"; Li Gu and sun Qifeng in Rongcheng, Zhili, Shaanxi are also known as the "three great Confucians at home"; they are also known as the "father of Chinese ideological enlightenment".

Huang Zongxi had profound knowledge, profound thought and rich works. He wrote more than 50 kinds of works and more than 300 volumes in his life. Among them, the most important ones were the case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, the case of learning in song and Yuan Dynasties, the record of waiting to visit in Ming Dynasty, the master of Mencius, the burial system or inquiry, the theory of breaking evils, the record of thinking of the past, the number theory of images in Yi studies, the record of Ming Dynasty, the book of today's water, the Da Tong Li Tui FA, and the records of Siming mountains And so on.

Life of the characters

A traitor in court

Huang Zongxi was born in huangzhupu, Tongde Township, Yuyao County, Shaoxing Prefecture, on the eighth day of August in the 38th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (September 24, 1610). On the eve of his birth, his mother Yao once dreamed that Qilin was in his heart, so Zongxi was named "lin'er". His father, Huang zunsu, was a Jinshi of Wanli, a crown censor of Tianqi, and a member of Donglin Party. He was demoted for impeachment of Wei Zhongxian, and soon went to prison, where he died of torture.

In 1628, Wei Zhongxian and Cui Chengxiu were eliminated, and the unjust case of Tianqi Dynasty was vindicated. Huang Shangshu asked Xu Xianchun and Cui YingYuan to punish the remaining evils of the castration party. In May, the Ministry of punishment held a joint trial and appeared in court to testify. He stabbed Xu Xianchun in his sleeve and attacked Cui YingYuan in public. He was called "Huang Xiaozi of Yao Jiang" and "the only son of loyal minister" by Ming Sizong.

Join the society and start a school

After returning to his hometown, Huang Zongxi was enraged to study. "He was enraged that the imperial examination had been confined to people, and built a" xuchao hall "in Nanlei to carry on the tradition of Donglin.". He also learned from the famous philosopher Liu Zongzhou and got Jishan's learning.

In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Zhang Pu convened the "Jinling meeting" in Nanjing. Huang Zongxi, who was also in Nanjing at that time, participated in the restoration of the society and became one of the active figures in the society. Later, Huang Zongxi, Wan Tai, Lu Fu, his younger brother Zongyan and Zonghui also organized the "Lizhou Restoration Society" in Yuyao.

In 1642, Huang Zongxi failed the imperial examination in Beijing. On the 10th day of winter, Huang Zongxi returned to Yuyao's home.

Living in seclusion during the anti Qing Period

In the spring of 1644, the Ming Dynasty died. In May, the Hongguang regime in Nanjing was established, and Ruan Dacheng was the Minister of the Ministry of war. He compiled the record of locusts (slandering Donglin Party as locust and fushe as locust). According to the signature of Liudu fangluanggongjie, Huang Zongxi and others were arrested and jailed.

In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army conquered Nanjing and the Hongguang regime was destroyed. Huang Zongxi escaped and returned to Yuyao. In June, Yuyao, sun Jiaji and Xiong Rulin fought against the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, Huang Zongxi sold his family property, summoned more than 600 young people in huangzhupu, organized "shizhongying" to respond, and wrote the grand calendar of the first year of the state of Lu, which was awarded to eastern Zhejiang by the king of Lu.

In February of the third year of Shunzhi (1646), he was appointed by the king of Lu as the head of the Department of military affairs. In May, he commanded the "fire camp" to cross the sea and arrive at Zhapu city. He was defeated because of the great disparity of strength. After the defeat in June, the Qing army occupied Shaoxing, entered Siming Mountain with the remnant of Wang Yi, and settled in Zhangxi temple to build a stronghold. Later, because his subordinates disturbed the people when he went out, the stronghold was destroyed by the mountain people and sneaked into his home. Because the Qing government wanted it, he fled to Hua'an mountain.

Shunzhi six years (1649) court to see the king of Lu, left deputy governor. In the winter of the same year, he, together with Ruan Mei and Feng Jingdi, sent an envoy to Japan to beg for soldiers and crossed the sea to Nagasaki island and sasama island. So he returned home and lived in seclusion, and no longer served as the king of Lu.

In 1650-1654, Huang Zongxi was wanted by the Qing government for three times. He still sent a secret letter from the king of Lu to contact the volunteers in Jinhua and sent people to the sea to report to the king of Lu that the Qing army would attack Zhoushan. During this period, family misfortunes occurred repeatedly, including two arrests and several capital punishment for his younger brother Zongyan; his daughter-in-law, child and little granddaughter died of illness; and his former residence was burned twice. In September of the 10th year of Shunzhi, he began to write books and give lectures.

From the second year of Kangxi to the 18th year of Kangxi (1663-1679), Huang Zongxi set up lectures in Cixi, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Haining and other places, and wrote the records of Ming Yi waiting to visit and the case of Ming Confucianism.

Refuse to be an official

In the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), the imperial edict for "erudite scholars" was issued, and the students made their speeches on behalf of them. In 1680, Emperor Kangxi ordered the local officials to go to Beijing to repair the Ming history. Huang Zongxi refused because he was old and ill. Emperor Kangxi ordered local officials to copy his works and materials on Ming history and send them to the Museum of history. The president invited his son Huang Baijia and his disciple Wan Sitong to participate in the compilation of history. After entering Beijing, Wan Sitong also insisted on "taking part in the history bureau with cloth clothes, without title or salary.". In that year, Huang Zongxi began to stop lecturing and devote himself to writing. In 1683, he participated in the compilation of general records of Zhejiang Province.

In the 25th year of Kangxi (1686), Wang Zhen studied in Zhejiang Province and proposed the reconstruction of zhongduangong (Huang zunsu) ancestral hall in huangzhupu, Huang Zongxi's former residence. Zongxi wrote the reconstruction of xianzhongduangong ancestral hall. In the following year, Wang Yao donated his salary to engrave Liu Zongzhou's anthology. Zongxi, together with his fellow disciples Dong Yao and Jiang Xizhe, wrote a preface to the complete book of Liu Zi.

In 1688, Huang Zongxi deleted and revised the old edition of Nanlei Wenbian, which was named Nanlei wending and reprinted. In this poem, he built the tomb of Huang su.

In the 29th year of Kangxi (1690), Emperor Kangxi called him to Beijing to act as a consultant. Xu Qianxue said that he was afraid that he would not be able to take the road due to his old illness. Huang Zongxi is 80 years old. He went to Hangzhou, Suzhou and other places to visit his friends. The next year, at the invitation of Jin Zhijing, the magistrate of Xin'an County, he toured Huangshan and wrote a preface to Wang Liting's continuation of Huangshan.

In 1692, Huang Zongxi was seriously ill. When he heard that Jia Run was going to publish his case of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty, he wrote a preface to it by Huang Baijia. In the following year, the sea of plaintext was compiled, and Zong Xi selected its essence as the teaching and reading of plaintext.

depart from the world for ever

On July 3, the 34th year of Kangxi (August 12, 1695), Huang Zongxi was ill for a long time and died. When he was ill, he wrote "the last life of Lizhou" and "funeral system or questions", telling his family to simplify the funeral: the next day after his death, "carry it to Kuangzhong with a Brown shed, and you can't gain by one bed". His body "is placed on a stone bed, no coffin, no Buddhist service, no Qiqi, no advocacy, wizard, no inscription, no paper banner, no paper money".

In his letter to his son-in-law Wan Chengxun four days before his death, Huang Zongxi wrote: "you can die at this age; although you have no good or evil in your life, you can die; if you have no regrets, you can die; if you have not written all your life, you may not be able to pass on all your works, and you do not expect to be a famous scholar in ancient times, you can die. If you can die like this, it's really painless to die. "

Main achievements

political thought

Huang Zongxi is a versatile and erudite scholar who has studied all kinds of classics and history, astronomy, arithmetic, music, hermeneutics and Taoism. Especially in history, he has made great achievements. In philosophy and political thought, he is a person who attacks the autocratic monarchy from the "people-oriented" position, and can be called the first person of Chinese ideological enlightenment. His political ideal is mainly concentrated in the book Ming Yi to be visited.

There are 13 chapters in this book. By criticizing the autocratic monarchy of "family world", this book conveys the shining "democratic" spirit to the world, which is extremely valuable in the dark social environment at that time. Yuanjun is the first chapter of Ming Yi waiting to visit.

In the beginning, Huang Zongxi expounded the original purpose of establishing monarch. He said that the original purpose of establishing monarch is to "make the world suffer its benefits" and "make the world release its harms". That is to say, the monarch should bear the responsibility of restraining private interests and promoting public interests. For the monarch, his duty is primary, and power is subordinate to the duty and serves to fulfill his duty. The monarch is just a public servant of the world. "In ancient times, the world was the main place, and the monarch was the guest. When the monarch finished the world, the operator was the world.". However, the later monarchs "thought that the interests of the world came from me, and I attributed all the benefits of the world to myself, and all the harm of the world to others", and even "made the people of the world dare not be selfish, dare not self-interest, and regard my great selfishness as the great public of the world", "regarded the world as a great industry, passed on to the descendants, and enjoyed endless benefits" (all see Yuanjun). It negates the legitimacy of the monarch's behavior of "family and world".

Huang Zongxi believed that in order to limit the power of the monarch, we must first distinguish the relationship between the monarch and his subjects. He thought: "the original husband is the king, so it is also the rule of the world. If the world can not be governed by one person, then officials should be set up to govern it. If you are an official, you will be a separate monarch. " In essence, "ministers and monarchs have the same name but different names." they are all people who govern the world together. Therefore, the monarch should not be high above everything else. We should do our best

Chinese PinYin : Huang Zong Xi