Later Tang Dynasty

Later Tang Dynasty

The later Tang Dynasty (923-936) was a feudal dynasty established by the Shatuo people during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was established in Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) as its capital and passed on to the second emperor and the fourth emperor for 14 years.

In 896, Li Keyong, the governor of Hedong, was granted the title of king of Jin. In 907, Zhu Quanzhong usurped the Tang Dynasty and established the Houliang Dynasty. Jin became the largest separatist power in the north. He regarded Liang Dynasty as a leap Dynasty and still held zhengshuo of Tang Dynasty. Li Keyong died in 908, and his son Li Cunxu became the king of Jin Dynasty. In 923, Li Cunxu became emperor of Weizhou (now Daming County, Handan City, Hebei Province). He changed the name of Tongguang to "Tang" and promoted Weizhou to Xingtang mansion in Tokyo. At the end of the same year, Li Cunxu destroyed Houliang and established the capital of Luoyang, which is known as the later Tang Dynasty in history; in 925, he defeated Wang Yan of former Shu; in 928, Nanping Gao Cong Jiao was attached to it; in 930, Ma Xisheng of Southern Chu was attached to it; in 936, Shi Jingtang invaded Luoyang at the cost of Yanyun sixteen prefectures, called himself Emperor, established the later Jin Dynasty, and the latter Tang Dynasty perished.

The later Tang Dynasty had a vast territory, which mainly controlled northern China, bordered on the seashore in the East, Longyou and Sichuan in the west, and the Great Wall in the north, including Youyun sixteen prefectures and Jianghan in the south. From 925 to 933, all the countries in the south, except the Southern Wu and the Southern Han Dynasty, served zhengshuo of the later Tang Dynasty. In 930, the territory under the control of the late Tang Dynasty reached its peak; there are now Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Hunan and Chongqing provinces, most of Shaanxi, Sichuan and Hubei, parts of Ningxia, Gansu and Guizhou, as well as Jiangsu, Anhui and Huaibei.

The latter Tang Dynasty is the most extensive Dynasty in the period of Five Dynasties and ten states. "In the field of Five Dynasties, there is no one who is more prosperous than this.". "In the Liang, Jin, Wu and Shu dynasties, the world was divided into four parts; in the later Tang Dynasty, two parts were destroyed by one part, and three parts were gained from four parts of the world.".

Overview picture source: Atlas of ancient Chinese history

National name

In March of the fourth year of Tianyou (907), Emperor Zhaoxuan of the Tang Dynasty issued an imperial edict to Zhu Wen (then known as "Zhu Huang"), the king of the Liang Dynasty. In April of the same year, Emperor Tang abdicated his throne, and then Zhu Wen ascended the throne, changing the name of "Tang" to "Liang", which is historically known as "Liang"

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Back beam

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Jin, Qi and Wu still take "Tang" as their national name and "Tianyou" as their year name. In 923, Li Cunxu became emperor in Weizhou (now Daming County, Handan City, Hebei Province) and changed his name to Tongguang. At the end of the same year, Li Cunxu destroyed Houliang and established his capital Luoyang. Li Cunxu did not take his own king name "Jin" as the title of the new dynasty, but took "Tang" as the name of the state, which was called "later Tang" in history. Before he destroyed Liang, he continued to use the "Tian" of Tang Zhaozong "You" as the year number. Therefore, the official titles of "the former Jin regime" and "the later Tang regime" are still the same

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Tang Dynasty

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However, in order to distinguish Li Yuan's

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Tang Dynasty

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He shijingtang established

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Jin

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Therefore, it is called the regime before Li Cunxu was called emperor

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Pre Jin Dynasty

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The regime after the title of emperor was

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Later Tang Dynasty.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the whole world collapsed and the Five Dynasties in the Central Plains changed. It has always been based on the Central Plains of Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou. However, at the end of the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Hou Liang was regarded as a leap. The reason is that the latter Tang Dynasty took Zhongxing tangzuo as a call, and established the country with the title of Tang Tianyou. The later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty all came from Hedong group. The latter Tang Dynasty was once regarded as the existence of Zhongxing Datang, and its own strength was strong, and its ruling territory was the largest in the Five Dynasties. Moreover, Zhuangzong was also given the posthumous title of Li, although his blood was different, he inherited it.

After the fall of the late Tang Dynasty, Li Min established the xuqi regime in the south of the Yangtze River in the second year of Tianfu (937). In the fourth year of Tianfu (939, the second year of xuqishengyuan), the name of the state was changed to Tang, that is, the Southern Tang Dynasty. When Chen Zhan of the Qing Dynasty compiled xutangshu, according to the purpose of the biography of Tangyu compiled by Chen Ting of the Ming Dynasty, it should be regarded as the orthodoxy of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the later Tang and Southern Tang Dynasties, inheriting Tang Zuo and initiating Song Dynasty.

history

Liang Jin contending for hegemony

See: Battle of Baixiang, battle of Youzhou, battle of huliupi

In the third year of Zhonghe (883), Li Keyong, a general of the Shatuo nationality, was granted the title of Hedong Jiedushi for his meritorious service in recovering Chang'an, the capital of Taiyuan. In 884 and 891, Li Keyong was granted the title of "Longxi County King" twice. On December 13, the second year of qianning (Yiwei day, January 1, 896), Li Keyong was granted the title of king of Jin and established the state of Jin. Because Zhu Quanzhong had intended to assassinate Li Keyong, but Li Keyong got away with it, so Li Keyong and Zhu Quanzhong vowed against each other. In 907, Zhu Quanzhong usurped the Tang Dynasty and established Houliang, while Li Keyong still used the title of Tianyou. Jin became the biggest threat to the north of Houliang. After Li Keyong died in the fifth year of Tianyou (908), Li Cunxu became the king of Jin Dynasty.

In 910, Zhu Wen attempted to destroy Yiwu army and Chengde army completely, and sent a large army to attack Zhaodi. Chengde Jiedu envoy Wang Rong, the king of Zhao, was unable to resist the attack of Houliang and asked the state of Jin for help. At the same time, the Yiwu Jiedu envoy, Wang Chuzhi of Beiping, also sent an envoy to express his willingness to return to the state of Jin. Li Cunxu seized the opportunity and sent a large army to save Zhao. He fought against Liang army in Baixiang and defeated Liang army. After the war of Baixiang, Yiwu army and Chengde army were attached to Jin State, which made the power of Jin state gradually strong.

In the eighth year of Tianyou (911), Liu Shouguang, the governor of Lulong, called himself Emperor and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Yingtian. He was named "Yan" and "Jie Yan" in history. Li Cunxu attacked the state of Yan on a large scale in the name of pacifying the rebellion. In 913, the state of Jin was destroyed and Liu Shouguang was killed in Taiyuan. After this war, most of Hebei belonged to Jin, which laid the foundation for the downfall of Southern Jin and the downfall of Liang.

In the 12th year of Tianyou (915), Emperor Yang Shihou, the governor of Tianxiong, died. At the end of Liang Dynasty, Emperor Wei Bo attempted to divide Wei Bo into two towns. Wei Bo's army was in chaos, and then he surrendered to Jin state one by one. After a series of wars, Wei Bo states were owned by Jin State. Since then, all the three towns of Heshuo were under the rule of Jin, which reversed the situation of Liang and Jin, and the state of Jin changed from the weak side to the strong side. In 918, King Li Cunxu of Jin led his army to attack Liang and fought against Liang army in huliupi area of Henan Province. Jin army lost first and then won, but also suffered heavy casualties and was unable to attack bianzhou again.

In 921, civil strife broke out in the state of Zhao. Wang Rong, the king of Zhao, was killed by his adopted son, Zhang Wenli. Li Cunxu sent an army to attack, and Zhang Wenli died. In 922, Li CunShen conquered Zhenzhou and killed Zhang Chujin, the son of Zhang Wenli. From then on, Zhao Di was completely owned by the former Jin Dynasty.

Zhuangzong enters bianzhou

Reference: the battle of Yang and Liu, the battle of destroying Houliang in later Tang Dynasty

In April of the 20th year of Tianyou (923), Li Cunxu became emperor in Weizhou. He changed the name of Tongguang to "Tang". He also gave three generations of his father and ancestor as emperor. He was juxtaposed with emperor Gaozu, Emperor Taizong, Emperor Yizong and Emperor Zhaozong as seven temples to show that he was the legal successor of the Tang Dynasty. Historians call him the later Tang Dynasty.

On the second day of October in the first year of Tongguang (923), Li Cunxu led the army from Yang Liudu River to Yunzhou on the third day of the tenth day, with Li Siyuan as the vanguard. He crossed Wenshui that night and met Liang General Wang Yanzhang the next morning. He won the first World War and conquered Zhongdu (now Wenshang, Shandong Province) to capture Wang Yanzhang. He also adopted Li Siyuan's suggestion that the army should go to bianzhou with great speed, and ordered him to lead the former army to set out that night and lead the main force to succeed. On the seventh day of junior high school, when entering Caozhou (now the northwest of Caoxian County in Shandong Province), Liang Jiang fell without fighting, and Zhu Youzhen committed suicide when he saw that there was no hope of reinforcements. On the ninth day of junior high school, when the Tang army arrived in bianzhou, Wang Zan opened the door and went out. On the 12th, Duan Ning led 50000 troops to Fengqiu (now Henan Province) to surrender, and Houliang was destroyed.

After Li Cunxu entered bianzhou, he demoted Zheng Jue to join the army of Laizhou and Xiao Qing to join the army of Laizhou. He killed Li Zhen, Zhao Yan, Zhang Hanjie and Zhu Li to destroy his clan.

Tongguang chaos

Li Cunxu performed with actors on the same stage and got the stage name of "Li Tianxia"; because he liked acting, he was especially fond of actors, which led to the rare phenomenon of actors interfering in politics in ancient times. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, a large number of eunuchs were killed, and most of them escaped by chance. After Li Cunxu ascended the throne, the eunuch power revived. Li Cunxu was surrounded by nearly a thousand eunuchs. And eunuchs were used to supervise the army and restrain the generals. Li Cunxu believed in the slander of the actors and eunuchs, and avoided the old generals, which made people feel threatened. General Li Siyuan is loyal and suspicious.

On the contrary, Li Cunxu thought that Kong Qian had made a great contribution in his financial management, and gave him the title of "a meritorious official supporting the country". Li Cunxu believed the eunuch's words and set up the inner government and the outer government, which led to the outer government's exhaustion and the inner government's accumulation. At that time, the political system was in chaos and there were many branches of government. The Empress Dowager's order, the empress's edict, and Zhuangzong's imperial edict were handed over to the local government, and the local government did not fail to do so.

In the second year of Tongguang (924), Liu Xun, the leader of the Southern Han Dynasty, heard that Li Cunxu had destroyed Liang. He was afraid and sent envoys to pay tribute and spy on the reality. After returning to the Han Dynasty, He Ci, the emissary, reported to Liu He that Li Cunxu was "arrogant and despicable, but not afraid.".

Master of Shu

See: the battle of the late Tang Dynasty to destroy the former Shu

In September of the third year of Tongguang (925), Zhuang Zong ordered Li Jijian, the king of Wei, to lead 60000 troops by Guo Chongtao, the key envoy of Wei, to enter Sichuan from Fengxiang; Gao Jixing was also the southeast camp capital to recruit envoys, and led the Jingnan army to attack Kuizhou, Zhongzhou, Wanzhou and other places.

In October of the third year of Tongguang (925), Li shaoshen, commander of Mabu army, conquered Weiwu city; Wang Chengjie, commander of Shu, descended to Tang Dynasty with four prefectures of Feng, Xing, Wen and Fu. The army of Tang Dynasty marched into Xingzhou, where Li Jiji came to fight. Song Guangbao, the general of Shu, descended to Tang Dynasty with five prefectures of Zi, Mian, Jian, long and PU. Then, Wuding Jiedu envoy Wang Chengzhao, Shannan Jiedu envoy Wang Zongwei and Jiezhou governor Wang Chengyue surrendered to the city respectively. Only Tianxiong Jiedu envoy Wang Chengxiu and his deputy envoy an Chongba planned to attack the army of Tang Dynasty in Qinzhou. When they arrived in Maozhou, there were only two thousand soldiers left, and an Chongba saw the general trend Has gone, to Qin, long two states down Tang. Gao Jixing took advantage of the situation and led the water army upstream to attack Shizhou. Zhang Wu cut off the Yangtze River route with an iron lock and defeated the Jingnan army. Gao Jixing fled by boat. Soon, Zhang Wuwen lost his way to the north

Chinese PinYin : Hou Tang