Paper cut (Guangdong paper cut)

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: paper cut (Guangdong paper cut)

Applicant: Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province

Project No.: 315

Project No.: Ⅶ - 16

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: traditional art

Region: Guangdong Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province

Protection unit: Chaozhou Cultural Center (Chaozhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center)

Introduction to paper cutting (Guangdong paper cutting)

Applicant: Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province

Guangdong paper-cut is mainly composed of Foshan paper-cut popular in Foshan area, Chaoyang paper-cut popular in Chaoshan area and Chaozhou paper-cut popular in Chaozhou area. Foshan City is located in the central and southern part of Guangdong Province, the hinterland of the Pearl River Delta. Foshan paper-cut is a kind of folk art developed from local folk activities, mainly distributed in some towns of Chancheng District and Nanhai District of Foshan City.

It is said that Foshan paper-cut originated from the Central Plains and developed in combination with local folk customs, handicraft industry and commerce. By the Qing Dynasty, it had gradually become a city and appeared guild organizations. At the beginning of the 20th century, twelve lines related to Foshan paper-cut, such as Menqian, fairy tale, fushuyi, Xizhi, Jinhua, Huahua, dip paper, copper, copper foil, cinnabar red dye paper, Huahong dye paper, dye paper, etc., flourished. There were hundreds of stores and nearly 3000 workers. The dip paper and all kinds of dye paper produced by them were the material sources of Foshan paper-cut.

Foshan paper-cut is divided into four categories: solid color paper-cut, lining paper-cut, writing paper-cut and copper chisel paper-cut. According to different materials, it can be divided into nine categories: solid color paper-cut, paper lining, copper lining, dyeing material, woodcut overprint material, copper writing material, silver writing material, paper writing material and copper chisel material. Paper cutting techniques are divided into two categories: cutting and carving. Scissors are mostly made at will, two or three pieces at a time, such as gift flowers, lantern flowers, Candlestick flowers of Qiqiao Festival, incense table flowers, cake flowers, etc. they are made by this method; each carving can carve 20 to 30 pieces, and rough patterns can carve 50 to 100 pieces, which is convenient for a large number of reproduction. Foshan paper-cut knives used in different sizes, generally from random grinding, width from 3 mm to 1 mm, a set of more than 10. When wielding the knife, hold it with a brush, cut it vertically, and connect the lines continuously, forming a net like shape. The content and form of traditional Foshan paper-cut are determined by social conditions and public opinions. The eternal themes of happiness and auspiciousness, Exorcism and longevity are popular among the people for a long time. Corresponding to this theme, Foshan paper-cut with the brilliant characteristics of copper foil, combined with bright colored paper, formed a unique local style, also formed a unique form of expression such as copper chisel paper-cut. Now the main inheritors of Foshan paper-cut art are Lin Zaihua and so on.

Foshan paper-cut has the tradition of industrialization. Strengthening its excavation and protection will help to study the folk activities and folk cultural forms in the Pearl River Delta. At the same time, it can also prosper the folk cultural market and enhance the regional cultural characteristics. But at present, the team of Foshan paper-cut professionals is in short supply. The most distinctive copper chisel paper-cut can not be made because of the loss of tools, the production of copper foil as the main material, and the retirement or death of old artists. Many traditional skills are in danger of being lost and need to be saved.

Chaoyang paper-cut is mainly distributed in Chaoshan area of Guangdong Province, represented by Tongmeng, Xilu, Heping, Guiyu and other towns in Chaoyang District. The rise of Chaoyang paper-cut is related to the Central Plains people who moved here. This paper-cut style mainly displays auspicious themes, such as auspicious and happy birthday, lucky birthday, five blessings, continuous offspring, abundant grain, prosperous six animals, etc. it is generally used as decoration in God touring games, Lantern Festival, Mid Autumn Festival, wedding customs, ancestor worship and other activities to enhance the festive atmosphere. In addition, it also shows some daily life contents, such as flowers, birds, insects, fish, animals, folklore Myth, drama characters, common people, etc. In addition to the above varieties, Chaoyang paper-cut also has some decorative patterns, such as offering flowers and gift flowers. Chaoyang paper-cut is flexible in shape, symmetrical in composition, rigorous in structure, full but not messy. In particular, the layout of "flower in flower" is the most characteristic, dense and exquisite. The paper-cut knife method is exquisite, mainly with Yang scissors, combined with Yin scissors. The lines of Yang scissors are neat and meticulous, the lines of Yin scissors are strong and strong, and the technique of "flower in flower" is very expressive.

Since the 1980s, Chaoyang District government organized forces to excavate, sort out, protect and study Chaoyang folk paper-cut. In 1989, he sorted out 181 pieces (sets) of nearly 500 patterns and published Chaoyang folk paper cut. In 2003, more than 50 Chaoyang paper-cut works were included in "complete works of Chinese folk art, paper-cut volume", "exhibition of Chinese folk auspicious art" and "complete works of Chaoshan folk art, paper-cut volume". In 1997, Chaoyang District was named by Guangdong provincial government as "the hometown of ethnic folk art (paper cutting art) in Guangdong Province". Now the main inheritors of Chaoyang folk paper-cut are Zhang Peilong, Cai Mingying, Li chanxian and so on. However, the average age of the living old artists is over 75 years old, and young people are in urgent need to join them to inherit.

Chaozhou is a port city along the eastern coast of Guangdong Province. Chaozhou paper-cut is mainly distributed in eastern Guangdong. It was popular in the Ming Dynasty, flourished in the Qing Dynasty, and reached its peak in the Guangxu period. The extant work bat (simapu Town, Chaozhou City) from the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty is cut with brown silk thread. The skill is very exquisite, which shows that Chaozhou paper-cut has already reached a very high artistic level.

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it was popular to build temples in Chaozhou. In this context, paper-cut was used as an ornament in folk activities such as sacrifice, festivals, God touring contests, red and white funerals and so on. Monks and nuns in temples also presented paper-cut flowers to good men and women. As a result, Chaozhou paper-cut developed rapidly in temples. At the beginning of the 20th century, Chaozhou paper-cut artists brought by nuns such as Jiang Genhe, Li Mulin, Yang Xueyou, Luo Ruiyu, Gu Qiuquan and Xie Chuzhou played a role in local paper-cut creation. After 1962, due to the lack of monks and nuns in temples and the lack of monks and nuns, Chaozhou paper-cut gradually lost its descendants.

Chaozhou paper-cut theme involves flowers and fruits, animals, characters, scenery and text patterns, with strong local cultural characteristics. Different paper-cut artists often have different styles, such as meticulous, bold, elegant and so on. In terms of form, Chaozhou paper-cut can be divided into solid color, multi-color, Yang engraved, Yin engraved and other types. Chaozhou folk paper-cut artists are good at folding three or five colored papers together, skillfully using scissors and skillfully cutting out various patterns and patterns. For example, pure color paper-cut gives full play to the characteristics of "scissors" and creates a vivid artistic image with the help of fine and beautiful lines and block surface and exaggeration and deformation techniques. The scissors have a strong flavor and are full of decoration. One of the characteristics of pure color paper-cut is that it does not draw. Artists only rely on memory and imagination, holding paper in one hand and cutting it in the other, and directly cut out the patterns. This kind of ingenious cutting method is very creative, lively and full of changes, and there are few repetitive works. Multi color paper-cut uses a variety of color paper to cut out the various parts of the image, and then combined into a complete paper-cut works, vivid and meticulous, unique.

There is a variety of Chaozhou paper-cut called "chisel paper", which is made by putting patterns on colored paper or gold foil and chiseling them with a carving knife. "Carving paper" is also divided into color paper-cut and writing paper-cut. In contrast paper-cut, gold foil or black paper is used to carve the outline, and then color paper is used as the substrate; in writing paper-cut, pure color paper or gold foil is used to depict the line skeleton of the image, and then color painting is used as the substrate. The paper carving technology is most famous for the colored paper carving in goujin village, Raoping County. The colored paper carving, commonly known as "big money", is used for sacrificing gods and ancestors or wandering God activities. Its contents are mainly opera characters, birds, animals, insects, fish, flowers, poetry and calligraphy.

Nowadays, great changes have taken place in people's way of life. Chaozhou paper-cut has gradually lost its previous living environment. There are less than ten well-known paper-cut artists, and they are getting older. There is no successor to the traditional Chaozhou paper-cut, which is in urgent need of rescue and protection.

Chinese PinYin : Jian Zhi Guang Dong Jian Zhi