Xu Jiyu

Xu Jiyu

Xu Jiyu (December 4, 1795 - March 30, 1873), a famous minister and scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, was called Galileo of the east by the New York Times. Songkan, Jiannan, also known as Mutian, is a native of Wutai County (now Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province). In the sixth year of Daoguang, he was a Jinshi. He successively served as governor of Guangxi and Fujian, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and Minister of the premier's Yamen. He was also the first minister in charge of tongwenguan affairs. He was an official for more than 30 years. Xu Jiyu is one of the great pioneers of opening eyes to see the world in modern China. He is also a famous geographer in modern China. He has made some achievements in literature, history, calligraphy and so on. His works include brief annals of Yinghuan, commentary on the source of ancient poems, essays on Tui Mi Zhai, supplement to essays on Tui Mi Zhai, etc. Xu Jiyu was a man and an official. She was not only upright, but also brave to take responsibility. She was good at doing things. At the same time, she actively complied with the development and progress of history and the times, broke through the traditional barriers and absorbed new ideas, new culture and new knowledge. In the historical environment at that time, it was rare and difficult.

Life of the characters

On October 24, 1795 (December 4, 1795), Xu Jiyu was born in the family of a poor scholar official at simadi, Dongjie, Dongye Town, Wutai County, daizhou, Shanxi Province. Father Xu rundi, Jinshi background, served as cabinet secretary, Hubei Shi Nanfu Tongzhi and other posts.

Xu Jiyu had received good family education and Confucianism since childhood. She once lived with her father in the capital and studied with famous writers such as Gao E. Jiaqing 17 years (1812), 18 years into the county school. The next year, he was elected.

Daoguang six years (1826) Jinshi, the first imperial examination, was selected as the Imperial Academy Shuji Shi.

In the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), Ding's father was worried about his family and finished his father Xu rundi's dunhengzhai posthumous letter. This book takes the freedom of mind as the main theme, and integrates the study of mind, Qi and Yi. It deeply criticizes the official study of Zhu Xi's Neo Confucianism since the song and Yuan Dynasties. As a result, she has completed her ideological preparation to meet the challenge of the West.

In the tenth year of Daoguang period (1830), he served as a member of the Imperial Academy.

In the 13th year of Daoguang (1833), he was appointed as the censor of Shaanxi Dao. During this period, Shangshu impeached Shi Mengji, the magistrate of Xinzhou, and Lin Shuyun, the magistrate of Baode. Shangshu proposed to simplify the administration, which was in line with Emperor Daoguang's opinions. Therefore, Emperor Daoguang called Xu Jiyu to the court and asked him about all kinds of current affairs. Xu Jiyu's answers were fluent and appreciated by the emperor. According to the biography, Emperor Guangdi read his "brief introduction to the system of government" and said, "I was deeply moved, because I was called to the front seat and talked with him about current affairs, it was very tearful.".

In October of the 16th year of Daoguang (1836), he served as the magistrate of Xunzhou Prefecture of Guangxi Province. From then on, he successively held the posts of Yanjin road and tingzhanglong road in Fujian Province. During the Opium War, he fought bravely against Britain on the front line of Zhangzhou.

In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), Xu Jiyu joined the throne and was summoned by diemeng. Emperor Daoguang inquired about the local conditions and situations of various countries, and he was very familiar with them. He moved to Guangdong and Guangdong as an envoy of salt transportation, and promoted him to Guangdong as an envoy.

In 1843, he moved to Fujian as an envoy. Emperor Daoguang appointed him as a political envoy to handle the opening of Xiamen and Fuzhou.

In the spring of 1844, Xu Jiyu had a historic dialogue with yapili, an American Protestant missionary, in Xiamen. It was only then that the Chinese knew the western modern democratic political thought and system with ancient Greece as its sole source and matrix, and that they knew the American Republic and Washington, which achieved legitimacy through voting and created a situation that had never existed before. Xu Jiyu also had extensive contact with western people coming to China and deeply doubted the legitimacy and permanence of his country's autocratic system. In five years, dozens of manuscripts were changed, and yinghuanzhilue, published in 1848, took the lead in breaking through the deep-rooted consciousness of the Chinese dynasty and the concept of Huayi, positioning China in a corner of the world, and introducing the value system of Western democratic political thought At that time, the western democratic system and ideas were publicized. The democratic system of each country which obtained legitimacy through the voters' vote was highly praised, and the dim democratic candlelight was lit in the dark Eastern autocratic power;

In October of the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), he was promoted to governor of Guangxi. In December, he was given the title of governor of Fujian. At that time, when Liu Yunke, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, was begging for leave because of illness, Xu Jiyu was also governor of Fujian and Zhejiang.

On July 4 of the Gregorian calendar in the 28th year of Daoguang (1848), Washington, D.C. laid the foundation for the Washington Monument and collected memorials from various states and countries. With the help of American missionaries in China, Ningbo Government of Zhejiang Province presented a granite stone tablet to the United States in the third year of Xianfeng (1853), engraved with the above two paragraphs of Xu Shu's praise for President Washington in Chinese. The stone tablet is now more than 200 feet high embedded in the west wall of the tower, showing the Oriental's insight and becoming a milestone in the early friendly relations between China and the United States.

During the northern expedition of the Taiping army, the imperial court ordered Xu Jiyu to supervise the party's anti blocking work. After the completion of the project, the lecture will focus on the self-sufficiency of Chaoshan Academy in Pingyao. During this period, he studied the book of the later Han Dynasty to explore the reasons for the periodic rise and fall of the dynasties. There are more than 2000 comments and more than 100000 words. The original book is in the Shanxi Provincial Museum.

In the thirtieth year of Daoguang (1850), Xu Jiyu was impeached many times because of her disagreement with Lin Zexu and others in dealing with the incident of Shenguang temple. Finally, in the first year of Xianfeng (1851), she was dismissed for the reason of "being sent to Xinjiang and caressing the emperor, but she had no opinion and was allowed to disturb". She was recalled to Beijing for face-to-face inquiry by Emperor Xianfeng. After replying with emperor Xianfeng, Emperor Xianfeng evaluated him as a simple man, but because of the impeachment power of Yan Guan, he was demoted to be a Shaoqing of Taipusi.

In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Emperor Xianfeng was advised not to build large-scale buildings, not to indulge in women's sex, and not to listen and believe. Xianfeng said: "the meaning is deep and the words are euphemistic." if you set all the seats on the right and look at them from time to time, it can be used as a motto. " Without examination, he was awarded the official of Sichuan provincial examination. In the same year, the Ministry of official investigated the delay of Xu Jiyu's arrest of criminals during the term of governor. As a result, Xu Jiyu was completely dismissed from office and returned to her hometown. At that time, during the Nien rebellion and the Hui uprising, Xu Jiyu helped the government to lead the regiment to defend liaozhou, Shangdang, Yangcheng and other important places, which was highly praised by Shen Guifen, who was also the governor of Shanxi at that time.

In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), he was specially appointed as the head of Chaoshan academy by the board of directors of Pingyao Academy. In addition to teaching, he devoted himself to writing poetry and engaging in academic research.

In the fourth year of tongzhi (1865), the Empresses of the two palaces ordered her to enter Beijing. Xu Jiyu was reappointed and ordered to participate in trade affairs. She took the sanpinjing hall as the premier's official office to assist Prince Gong Yixin in handling foreign affairs.

In 1866, Premier yamen reprinted "yinghuanzhilue" and "guide to China and foreign countries". In the same year, he was granted the title of Taipusi minister and the title of erpin dingdai.

On the 21st of the first month of the sixth year of tongzhi (1867), on February 25, 1867, he was the minister in charge of Tongwen library affairs, the first president of the first modern university in China. He and Minister Wang of the General Administration launched a radical reform plan of Tongwen library, which failed because of the obstruction of the old-fashioned faction, such as Japanese benevolence. In the autumn of the same year, the 17th president of the United States, Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of state Seward, invited the famous painter Pratt to make a copy of Stuart's Washington portrait. The portrait was presented to Xu Jiyu by the minister to China, Pu Anshen, and a presentation ceremony was held. Pu Anshen delivered a speech. In her reply, Xu Jiyu said: "because of the great achievements of China in your country, it will undoubtedly be passed on to the world.". As always, we affirm the adaptability and vitality of democratic system in time and region.

In 1868, he wrote a preface to the first Chinese systematic natural science audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-visual audio-.

On the second day of February in the eighth year of tongzhi (March 15, 1869), he begged for rest because of his old illness and was ordered to serve as an official with a second grade official.

The 12th year of tongzhi (1873), which is the 60th anniversary of Xu Jiyu's mid-term election, was granted permission to go to the banquet of Lu Ming again. In the year of Huiqi, Xu Jiyu was awarded the first prize. On March 30, 1873, Xu Jiyu died at home.

Historical records of the Qing Dynasty

Xu Jiyu, whose name is Songkan, was born in Wutai, Shanxi Province. In the sixth year of Daoguang, he was a Jinshi, selected a good scholar, granted editing, and moved to the imperial court. Dieshu impeached Shi Mengjiao, the magistrate of Xinzhou, and Lin Shuyun, the magistrate of Baode, to seek promotion. The governor of Dengzhou taboo disaster and urge in English, and the magistrate of Ronghe county Wu Lvzhong took advantage of the matter to collect money. He also asked the minister to protect and mediate.

He also said that the emperor should be brief, saying: "the emperor has a wide range of ideas, and all his ministers have good ideas. All of them are generally admonished, but they have been learning and playing for a long time, and they are careless and blasphemous. I didn't think it was necessary for me to know the notes, because they were not related to the general situation or the urgency of current affairs. If you are concerned about the important things, you should make a compromise and hope that you will do it. That is to say, you should give an order and try again. To overcome the difficulties and ease of the matter, we should limit the year of reform. If you are still playing in front of you, you will be punished for breach of the law. This doctrine should be simple. The six rules and regulations are increasing day by day, the laws are insufficient, and the cases are required; the cases are insufficient, and the cases are required: Chen Xiangyin and Chen Xiangyin are disordered like silk. It is said that the power of the six divisions belongs to the clerks. It is not the power of the scribes, but the trouble of the regulations. The minister thought that the current cases should be carefully examined and determined, and those who are appropriate to the facts should be considered as five out of ten cases and seven out of ten cases. It is called "concise cases", so that the officials concerned can know the gist of the cases, and the common people can not obey the orders of the scribes. This rule should be simple. The examination of merit, the discussion of merit and the discussion of fault made the officials know how to persuade and punish them. The current article is too complicated and too dense to be generalized. Some of the provinces and counties directly under the central government have been in office for less than one year, but have been fined for several years or more

Chinese PinYin : Xu Ji Yu