Zhang Pu

Zhang Pu

Zhang Pu (May 14, 1602 - June 15, 1641), a writer in the late Ming Dynasty, was born in taicangzhou, Suzhou Prefecture, nanzhili.

In the fourth year of Chongzhen's reign, he was a Jinshi and a good scholar. He studied hard since he was a child. In the history of Ming Dynasty, there was a story about his "seven records and seven burning". He was named "Loudong Er Zhang" together with his fellow townsman Zhang Cai. Zhang Pu once formed a new society with the famous people in the county to comment on the current politics, which is the continuation of the struggle between Donglin Party and castration party.

In the aspect of literature, he highly praised the theory of the former and the latter, advocated the restoration of the ancients, and called for "service is useful". He wrote a lot of works in his life, covering more than 3000 volumes, covering various subjects of literature, history and Confucian classics. He was proficient in poetry, especially in prose and time theory. His representative works include the collection of qiluzhai and the tombstone of five people.

Life of the characters

Zhang Pu (P ǔ) was born in the official family, but he was born in the eighth place because of his maidservant and concubine. Therefore, he was "not valued by the party, and his family members were especially rude when they met him. He called him" doupu'er "face to face, which means" born by a cheap man, never promising ". Zhang Pu was insulted by this. He was diligent and studious. He would copy books by hand. After reading, he would burn them. After seven times, his hands froze and cracked in winter. He continued to practice by soaking them in hot water. Later, he named his study room "qiluzhai" and his works "qiluzhai collection". There is a good story about Zhang Pu's "seven records and seven burning" in the history of Ming Dynasty. Chongzhen four years (1631) into Jinshi, granted Shu Jishi. It was named after Zhang Caiqi in Tongyi, and was called "two Zhang of Loudong". In the fourth year of Tianqi (1624), he formed a literary society with famous officials in the county, which was called yingshe. There were 11 people, including Zhang Cai, Yang Tingshu, Yang Yi, Gu Menglin, Zhu Kai and Wu Changshi. Later, more than 3000 people spread all over the country. They used literature to meet friends and comment on current affairs. "One city goes out to see, and no one knows who has recovered the society.". In the sixth year of Tianqi (1626), he wrote "five people's tombstone", denouncing the eunuch party. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), together with Zhang Cai, they launched a struggle to expel Gu Bingqian, the backbone of the eunuch party in Taicang. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), he organized and led the restoration of the society to fight against the eunuch party, which shocked the government and the opposition. The preface to the state table of qiluzhai collection contains the grand occasion of the restoration of the society: "the collection of spring and Autumn period, the way of clothing and crown", and "the restoration of the society can be seen in one city". Its influence spread throughout the northern and southern provinces, and the ruling bureaucrats resented it. In 1630, Zhang Pu, Wu Weiye, Yang Tingshu, Wu Changshi and Chen Zilong were elected at the same time. The next year, they joined Wu Weiye to become Jinshi. In 1637, Wu Changshi, a member of the Ministry of rites, and Zhang Pu recommended Zhou yanru to return. Lu Wensheng, a li man, was refused to join the society because he told the court that Zhang Pu had formed a party. The official history biography of Zhang Pu and Meicun's chronicle of the restoration of the society said that he died of illness at home. In Ji Liuqi's Ming Ji Bei Lue, it is said that Zhang Pu was poisoned by Wu Changshi and died of abdominal pain that night. He was 40 years old at that time, and his posthumous title was "Mr. Ren Xue". After Zhang Pu died, Huang Daozhou wrote the epitaph for him.

Main achievements

In the aspect of literature, Zhang Pu highly praised the theory of the former and the latter seven sons, advocated the restoration of the ancients, opposed the escapism of gong'an and jingling schools, and only wrote about the scenery of lakes and mountains, heard trivial things or pursued the so-called "deep and lonely" style. However, while advocating the revival of the ancient school, he also called for "service is useful", which is different from the former and the latter seven sons who only pursue form and imitate the ancients. Zhang Pu's prose was very famous at that time, with simple style, impassioned, lively and straightforward. His "tombstone of five people" praises the struggle between Suzhou citizens and the eunuch party, and emphasizes that "every man is more important than his country", which is beyond the reach of "gentry". The narration alternates with the discussion, and contrasts with the five people's open mind, which is a famous piece of recitation. The epitaph of five people is included in Guwen Guanzhi. Zhang Pu wrote Hongfeng all his life, compiled more than 3000 volumes, and wrote qiluzhaiji, including 12 volumes of essays and 3 volumes of poems. This collection is kept in Chongzhen time of Ming Dynasty. There is a collection of Bai San Jia in Han, Wei and six dynasties. Zhang Pu wrote inscriptions before each episode. This collection is a large-scale collection by Zhang Pu for "Reviving the ancient school". "Siku Quanshu Zongmu" said: "this edition is the original, sufficient for inspection." People's Literature Publishing House published "Han, Wei and Six Dynasties hundred and three collections of inscriptions notes" (Yin Menglun notes), the first time to compile a book, and add necessary notes. It is an important reference book to study the literature of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties and Zhang Pu's works. Other works of Zhang Pu include 32 volumes of three books of spring and Autumn period. There are 10 volumes in the second edition of historical treatises. The book of songs is composed of 34 volumes. In addition, Zhang Pu also supplemented and corrected the history of the Song Dynasty and the history of the Yuan Dynasty. In addition, he wrote Wanbao Quanshu, which records the general situation of game entertainment (such as chess score and Chinese dominoes) at that time.

Leader of the Restoration Society

As the founder of fushe, Zhang Pu and Zhang QianDu, who was born in Taicang, Jiangsu Province, were among the leaders of the radical student movement at that time. The most famous "student movement leader" in the late Ming Dynasty had not yet passed the imperial examination, and had already done countless things, from organizing riots to attacking yamen, and setting fire to the city. Zhang Pu was born in poverty, but he was young and eager to learn, so he was known as a child prodigy. In the fourth year of Tianqi (1622), he began to form an association to comment on current affairs and gained fame. At first, it was named yingshe (imperial examination group), and later it was changed to fushe (Imperial Examination re examination group), with more than 3000 members at the most. In the sixth year of Tianqi, he took part in the anti tax riots in Suzhou and wrote the inscription on the tomb of five people, denouncing the eunuch party and moving the world. In the first year of Chongzhen, he "organized the masses" to expel the eunuch party backbone Gu Bingqian has become the star of the emperor among the scholars in the world! Since then, the momentum of the restoration society has also shaken the government and the public, claiming that it is "a collection of spring and autumn, full of clothes and roads" and "no one knows if there is a restoration society in a city". Its influence is all over the north and South provinces, and everywhere it goes, there are thousands of fans. If that's all, Zhang Pu's speech ability is extraordinary at most, which is equivalent to that of later American Martin Luther King. But the terrible thing is that Zhang Pu is not only extremely fanatical in politics, but also ambitious and skillful. After he became famous, he refused to be promoted step by step. Instead, he attempted to ascend to the heaven step by step, to control the intellectual world and the imperial examination by recruiting more disciples, and finally achieved the goal of controlling the political power! Even Zhou yanru, the first assistant of the current Dynasty, was seized by him and had to obey his orders. Once, Zhang Pu even gave Zhou yanru a pamphlet, which was full of names. Some wanted to make a big use of it, and some wanted to dismiss from office. However, Zhou yanru did not dare to disobey. just think about it. A "folk opinion leader" without any actual position can remotely control the court's decision-making at home, decide the appointment and removal of officials, and regard the world of Daming as a plaything in his hand Which student cadre in the modern world can be proud and competent? remote control the imperial court in the countryside and take charge of the world as an idle person It is unprecedented that the "student movement" can be brought to such an extent. Of course, it is said that Zhang Pu was finally assassinated by the unbearable Zhou yanru or some other big man because he was too arrogant Obviously, for the officials of the Donglin Party, Zhang Pu, who was funded and promoted by them, was almost like an unfamiliar mad dog. He was invincible and won many battles. But once he fell back, he was deeply distressed. The death of Zhang Pu ended the daydream of saving the nation of many scholars in the late Ming Dynasty, and it was also a tragicomedy of the times. "After reading it, I feel like I am in a dream. A thousand lines of clear tears do not make me sad" (one of the twenty-four songs of crying for Mr. Zhang tianru by Chen Zilong) "in August, the muddy waves of Xu River run, and thousands of people are called to call me back" (the twenty-four of the twenty-four songs of crying for Mr. Zhang tianru by Chen Zilong). How many people cry for it, and how many people are terrified. Zhang Pu died for the sake of the country: "before Shuofeng, a gentleman in the south, he was so generous and pitiful that he went westward" (20 of 24 poems in crying for Mr. Zhang tianru by Chen Zilong). Many people mourned Zhang Pu with tears.

Young Zhang Pu

Zhang Pu, a scholar, grew up in the turbulent times of the late Ming Dynasty. Full of passion, he rose up after Donglin, united with righteous people, organized and presided over the restoration of literati groups, hoping to support the crumbling world of Ming Dynasty with one hand. At the age of 23, he founded yingshe in Suzhou, uniting the aspiring literati in Wuzhong; at the age of 26, he angrily wrote "five people's tombstone", with swaying spirit and noble spirit, aiming at the corrupt eunuchs and corrupt officials of the Ming Dynasty; at the age of 27, he joined Taixue, witnessed the decline of the imperial platform and rampant ugliness, formed Yantai society with the literati in Beijing, and made an address to expose the crime of eunuch; at the age of 28, he summoned the Imperial Academy At the Yinshan meeting, Zhang Pu advocated to unite the literati associations in the north and south of the Yangtze River for the restoration of the society, and concerned about the political affairs of the country and the rise and fall of the nation. In the sixth year of Chongzhen reign, 32-year-old Zhang Pu held the famous Huqiu meeting. "Thousands of people arrived by boat in shanzuo (West), Jiangzuo (West), Jin, Chu, Fujian and Zhejiang.". Standing on the stone of a thousand people, he raised his voice and responded in groups. The government and the public were shocked. At that time, the members of Fu society developed almost all over the country, with a total of 3023 people. Famous patriotic scholars such as Chen Zilong, Xia Yunyi, Hou Qizeng, Yang Tingshu, Gu Yanwu, Gui Zhuang, Lu Shiyi, Qu Shizhen and Wen Zhenmeng were all the backbones in the society. Most of the scholars in Suzhou joined the league. Some of them were in the court, some in the opposition, forming a powerful political force. Due to the planning and efforts of Zhang Pu and others, the morale of the literati at that time was greatly boosted. A sweep of "rather sit back and watch the decline of the country Xu, the end."

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Pu