Too many students
Too many students
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Taixue was commonly known as Guozijian, and the students studying in Guozijian were also called Taixue.
Guozijian is the central government school after the Sui Dynasty in ancient China, which is the highest institution in the ancient Chinese education system. There are six halls for students to attend classes, self-study and study. There are two officials in charge of educational affairs, namely, Jiancheng, Wujing doctor, Liutang assistant, Xuezheng, Xuelu, Dianbo and classics.
essential information
selection
Most of the students are selected by the provincial, government, state and county student staff, and some of them are obtained by donation. The scholars in prison can be divided into Gongsheng and Jiansheng, but they are generally called Guozi Jiansheng.
official career
The supervisor can make up for the official after the probation. The later subjects are popular and the way out is becoming more and more difficult. As a result, the number of students who went to Beijing was less than that of government, state and county schools. In the early Qing Dynasty, Guozijian was attached to the Ministry of rites, and then it was handled by itself. Yongzheng five years (1727) began to special Jian minister Prime Minister supervisor. The school of arithmetic and the school of eight banners were also affiliated to the Imperial Academy. The establishment of Ming Dynasty by Zhu Yuanzhang required a large number of talents to enrich the bureaucracy. There are three ways to collect talents: one is to recommend talents, the other is to select talents by imperial examination, and the third is to select officials by college students. In the early Ming Dynasty, there was a shortage of talents, so the recommendation was very popular. "There were countless people who went to the top of the staff from the cloth clothes", but it was only for decades. After Xuande, because of the normal operation of the imperial examination, the scholars were also proud of the imperial examination and "tired" of recommendation, resulting in "few candidates" and gradually stopped. In the early Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination was suspended and resumed. In the end of the Ming Dynasty, it became the main way to become an official. In the early Ming Dynasty, the selection of officials by Taisheng students was prosperous with the recommendation and examination, but after Xuande, they declined but did not abandon, and became the vassal of the imperial examination.
Student status
Although Guozijian is known as the highest institution of learning in the country, its graduate status is relatively low in the era of imperial examination. The main source of students is the number of students from different prefectures and counties in the country, including Sui Gong, you gong, Ba Gong, en Gong, Fu Gong and so on. If they want to go further, they still have to take the local examination. The only way to take care of them is to take the exam in shuntianfu (roughly equivalent to today's Beijing City), no matter where their native place is. If he no longer got an official title and became an official as a supervisor of the state, he was often used as a county magistrate, or as an official of teaching and instructing, with low rank and low salary, light power and small profit. Therefore, students' learning enthusiasm has not been high, and school work is relatively loose and slack. In addition, the old and backward teaching methods and the boring and poor teaching content in feudal times made the students' main homework be endorsement, writing and composition. "Youth Fu, haoshouqiongjing" is a vivid portrayal of this generation. In addition, Guozijian also trained a large number of foreign students. During the Hongwu Period of Ming Dynasty, there were records of recruiting foreign students in Nanjing Imperial College. First, there were gaoliguo students. Later, Japan sent their children to study in prison. The Imperial College set up a number house for overseas students. After the Imperial College moved to Beijing, it continued to recruit students. In the early Qing Dynasty, foreign students were not accepted for nearly 40 years. In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), the Ministry of rites said: "the king of Ryukyu is still loyal to his country and is devoted to learning. He earnestly prays that his minister Wang Ji and others will accompany his four sons to Beijing to receive employment and listen to his son's prison study.". Emperor Kangxi issued a decree to allow the line. "Since then, every time he was canonized, he took it as an example.". Since then, foreign students, especially Ryukyu students, have been studying in the Imperial Academy of the Qing Dynasty. Later, Korea, Russia, Japan and other neighboring countries also sent people to China, from which it is easy to see that the Imperial College had the highest academic status in Asia at that time. Since the Ming Dynasty emperor Jingtai initiated the case of nasonama, the threshold of Guozijian was lower. After that, the trend of donating money to prison became popular, and the supervisor used money to pave the way. In 1904, the Qing government issued an edict that the imperial examination would be suspended forever next year, and schools at all levels would be changed to new schools. Guozijian also stopped enrolling students, and changed from offering wine to guozicheng, who was only responsible for sacrificial rites in Confucius Temple. In 1912, Emperor Qing abdicated and Guozijian died.
Taiping student movement
Petition of Taisheng movement in Eastern Han Dynasty
Too many students
Historians pay more attention to sports. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the literati formed the atmosphere of political criticism in the form of commenting on characters, which was called "Qingyi" at that time. Taixue became the center of Qing Dynasty. Taixue Qingyi is an early historical example of the influence of public opinion on political life in ancient China. The so-called situation of "the husband of a noble and handsome man is subject to the opinion of despicable students" (the second biography of scholars in the later Han Dynasty) and "don't be afraid of the demotion of a public minister" (the second biography of Danggu in the later Han Dynasty) reflects the cause of the dark political forces
Too many students
The movement of discussing government affairs was forced to be restrained. At that time, all the students of Jun Guoxue also echoed with Taixue Qingyi, forming a broader force of public opinion. In the first year of emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty (1530), Zhu Mu, the governor of Jizhou, was punished for cracking down on the eunuch forces in the rampant prefectures and was sent to the left school to serve as a slave. "Liu Tao, a scholar of the Imperial Academy, and several thousand others wrote to the court," accusing the eunuch group of their crimes, praising Zhu Mu for his concern for the country and his determination to eliminate evils, and expressing his willingness to serve his sentence instead of Zhu Mu. Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty had to forgive Zhu Mu. In the 1620s, Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty refused to bribe the eunuch in power when he was in power“
Too many students
More than 300 people, including Zhang Feng, also organized a rally to "bring a lawsuit against the Imperial Palace", which resulted in the amnesty of Huangfu rules (Biography of Huangfu rules in later Han Dynasty).
Too many students
Because of the justice of its activities, it is hostile to the dark forces. In the first year of Xiping, Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty (172), an anonymous book appeared in zhuqueque, denouncing the eunuch's exclusive power. The officials in charge of the inventory went out in all directions to capture and collect the eunuch
Too many students
There are more than a thousand people. The first year of Yongxing and the fifth year of Yanxi
Too many students
Jian Bozan called it "two large-scale political petitions". He pointed out in the history of Qin and Han Dynasties: "from this point of view, at that time
Too many students
What a heroic gesture it took to appear in the history of the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. " "At that time, Taixue became the center of small owners' political activities." Jian Bozan also wrote: "it is not uncommon in Chinese history for young intellectuals to appear as pioneers of revolution. It was in the late Eastern Han Dynasty that Chinese educated youth first appeared in the front line of political struggle
Too many students
。” (Peking University Press, 1983, pp. 407-408),
Too many students
The historical example of "bravery" in the role of "pioneer" is more clearly reflected in the plot of daring to fight with arms when the Dou Wu disaster happened. In the first year of Jianning (168) of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, chen fan, a representative of the intellectual circle, and Dou Wuqi, a great general, conspired to kill eunuchs with Li Ying and other imprisoned celebrities. The eunuch group took the lead and quickly disintegrated the army led by Dou Wu by taking advantage of the previous control over the forbidden army. Dou Wu was eventually killed. According to the biography of Chen Fan in the book of the later Han Dynasty, "when Chen Fan heard that it was difficult to make a general, he belonged to more than 80 people, and pulled out his blade to break into the Chengming gate." The second and third volume of the later Han Dynasty says that after entering the Chengming gate, the temporary armed forces went straight to the shangshumen gate: "when they arrived at the Chengming gate, the envoys were not inside and said," how can they enter the palace without being summoned? " Fan said: "Zhao Yang sent his troops to the palace to eliminate the evils of the emperor's side, which is the meaning of the spring and Autumn Annals." Some messengers went out to open the door, and fan came to the door of the book of history. " In the end, the swordsmen took over the Tibetan and sent them to the northern Temple Prison. The more than 80 brave "Zhusheng" who "pulled out the blade" and "entered the palace" should also fall into a tragic ending. Lu simian's history of the Qin and Han Dynasties analyzed this point and said: "then the Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty did not just preside over the Qing Dynasty, and there were those who could fight for the national calamity." (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983 edition, Volume II, 720 pages) the Song Dynasty Taisheng movement to save the nation the Song Dynasty Taisheng movement to save the nation is the first monograph on the history of the youth student movement published in the 20th century. The first edition was published by the commercial press in 1936, and the first and second editions were published by Wenxing bookstore in 1956 and 1965. The author is a famous historian Huang Xianyu. Chen Jisheng's article on Huang Xianyu's contribution to the practice and construction of "New Historiography" in China in the 20th century introduces the academic value of this book as follows: in the Song Dynasty Taisheng's national salvation movement, it is mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, through reading and studying a large number of historical materials in the Han, Tang and Song dynasties Huang Xianyu found that "the national salvation movement of Chinese college students began in Han Dynasty, flourished in Song Dynasty, and revived in modern times..." In particular, a series of external and internal salvation movements carried out by Taisheng in the Song Dynasty are of historical significance. Therefore, he decided to study them and record them. This is the original intention and motivation of his book "Taisheng salvation movement in the Song Dynasty". So far, he has completed the meaningful surface research of "applied new historiography", that is, he has found the valuable elements from the comprehensive and objective reading of historical materials. Secondly, Huang Xianyu made an objective textual research and narration on the causes of the series of national salvation activities (the oppression of powerful enemies, the cowardice of courtiers, the abuse of villains) and the process and methods of the national salvation movement one by one, in order to achieve "seeking truth and truth". Because this kind of textual research has no preconceptions, he tries his best to avoid misrepresentation and distortion, which makes him reveal the truth from the historical facts
Chinese PinYin : Tai Xue Sheng
Too many students
