Wu Kuan

Wu Kuan

Wu Kuan (1435-august 19, 1504), whose name is Yuanbo, is the master of paoan and Yuting, and is known as Mr. paoan in the world. Zhili Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) people. Ming Dynasty officials, poets, essayists, calligraphers.

Wu Kuan was the number one scholar in the eighth year of Chenghua (1472) of emperor Xianzong of Ming Dynasty. He was awarded the title of Hanlin Xiuzhuan and served fengxiaozong to study. Xiaozong ascended the throne, moved to the left son of the commoner, pre compiled the "Xianzong record", entered Shao Zhan Shi and served as a bachelor. Official to the Ministry of rites Shangshu, death gift Prince Taibao, posthumous title "wending".

Wu Kuan's poems are deep and melancholy. He has his own family and is the author of paoan collection. He was also good at calligraphy, and his calligraphy style was unique. Although it was larger than that of the Soviet Union, he was more complacent.

Source of the picture in the overview: image volume of five Tonghui < / I >

Life of the characters

Wu Kuan was born in 1435, the tenth year of Xuande reign of Xuanzong in Ming Dynasty. As an adult, he was famous for his articles and conduct. In 1472, Wu Kuan was the second number one scholar in Suzhou. Later, he was compiled by Hanlin Academy. He once served on the crown prince Zhu Youli, and his rank was full. He entered the palace as a right official.

In the 23rd year of Chenghua (1487), Emperor Xianzong died, and Prince Zhu Youzhe ascended the throne as emperor Xiaozong. As an old official of the East Palace, Wu Kuan moved to Zuo Shuzi and participated in the compilation of the real records of Xianzong.

In the eighth year of Hongzhi (1495), he was promoted to youshiying of the Ministry of officials. When his stepmother died, Wu Kuan returned home. There was a shortage of officials in the official department. Xiaozong ordered Wu Kuan to stay in a vacant position for three years. He was asked to take charge of the affairs of Zhan Shifu, enter Zhidong Pavilion, and serve on the crown prince Zhu houzhao.

Most of the eunuchs were unwilling to let the prince approach the Confucian officials, so they used other things to tell and read intermittently. Wu Kuan led Shangshu, a member of his staff, to say: "in the East Palace, lectures are stopped on cold, hot and rainy days. They are stopped on the first and fifteenth days of each month and on festivals. Lectures last only a few months a year, only a few days a month, and only a few quarters a day. How can we allow other things to interfere with our lectures. When the ancients were eight years old, they studied with their teacher and lived outside. They wanted him to stay away from the bad environment and get close to the gentleman. The common people are still like this, and what about the prince who is the foundation of the world? " Xiaozong praised and accepted his opinions.

In the 16th year of Hongzhi (1503), Wu Kuan was promoted to minister of rites, still in charge of Zhan's affairs. He was one of the most prestigious literary servants of his time. After another number one scholar Xie Qian entered the cabinet, he once proposed to introduce Wu Kuan into the cabinet to participate in the maintenance, but was opposed by another cabinet minister Liu Jian. Once, Xie Qian said, "Duke Wu's rank, age and reputation are all better than mine. I'm really ashamed. How can I place my affection on him?" When Xie Qian retired, he recommended Wu Kuan to replace him, but his proposal has not been adopted. Both inside and outside the Court felt sorry for Wu Kuan, but Wu Kuan was very calm and said, "I didn't want to join the cabinet at the beginning."

When empress dowager Qian of Xiaozhuang died, the courtiers discussed that empress dowager Xiaosu Zhou would die in the future, and they would be buried together with empress dowager Qian in the Ming Yingzong's Yuling mausoleum, where they would enjoy the original treatment. In the 17th year of Hongzhi (1504), Empress Dowager Xiaosu of Zhou died and was ready to enjoy the temple. However, Xiaozong thought it was inappropriate to share the temple with empress Qian of Yingzong, and asked the ritual officials to discuss it again. Wu Kuan said that in the book of songs, Lu Song and Chunqiu, the palace of Zhongzi were built separately. He believed that this was also the case in the Han and Tang Dynasties. It happened that most of the court officials also advocated that the Empress Dowager of Zhou should enjoy the other temple, which was approved by the emperor Xiaozong.

When Wu Kuan was 70 years old, he resigned many times due to illness and was sent to stay. Later, he died on July 10 (August 19) in the 17th year of Hongzhi (1504). After hearing the news, Xiaozong sent officials to govern the funeral and offered sacrifices to two altars. Posthumous title: wending. Buried in Mudu West Garden mountain. Xiaozong made an exception to present his two sons, giving his eldest son Wu Xun the title of Zhongshu Sheren and his second son Wu Huan the title of Guozi Sheng.

Wu Kuan's noble conduct is not disturbed by external evaluation, and he is strict with himself. He has a wide range of books and is good at poetry. He had a few hectares of land that he used to help the poor among his relatives and friends. After his friend he en fell ill, Wu Kuan took him to his home to take care of him and visit him day and night. After he en died, Wu Kuan mourned for him for one month.

Main achievements

literature

When he was young, Wu Kuan was eager to learn and read everything. He especially liked Zuozhuan, Hanshu and the prose of Tang and Song Dynasties, and most liked Su Shi's articles. He has a solid foundation in his studies, his poems are peaceful and elegant, and his works are classic. "Ming poetry review" said: "Wen Dingli swept the floating, a return to elegant and light, poetry, such as willows by the wind, warm but not cold; also like a scholar on the world, Jingri Jingri, the true color of self exposure." His representative works include the history of mourning Shen Zhen Qiao's painting, the inscription on Yang tie Ya's tomb, sending Zhang Jiansu out to know Shi Zongzhou, Xie Gu Liangbi and Li Shixian's visit with wine, and Fu Huang Lou to send Li Zhenbo. The collection of poems and essays has 77 volumes, including 30 volumes of poems and 40 volumes of essays, which are customized by Wu Kuan. The last seven volumes are doubted to have been gained by his son.

Calligraphy

Wu kuangong's calligraphy is good at realistic, cursive, especially gongxingshu, which originated from Su Dongpo. In order to respect him and love his art, his calligraphy master inherited Dongpo's style. Xing Dong, a calligrapher, once said in the book "Lai Qin Guan tie": "Pao Weng, the elder of Wuzhong, is good at friendship, not the work of Wenhan. He is a master of calligraphy. He has a strong face and a thick face, and he has eliminated Wu Xi. " Wu Kuan studied Su Dongpo's "dignified and honest, dignified and thick" style, which was contrary to the "delicate and beautiful" style prevailing in Wuzhong at that time. Wu Kuan studied Su Shu and imitated his hand. He was good at both spirit and form. What's more valuable is that he could create new ideas in his writing. As a result, Wang said that he was "extremely stubborn in his writing, although he was more complacent than su." This is where he can surpass the common calligraphers of his time. He played a pioneering role in the calligraphers Zhu Yunming and Wen Zhengming who later entered the world of calligraphy.

Wu Kuan sometimes used cursive script and liked to use crazy cursive script. He often copied the famous calligrapher monk huaisu's "autobiographical script" in Tang Dynasty, almost to the point of being in a state of chaos. Wu Kuan's many handed down works, such as the volume of poems about planting bamboo and the poems about Zhao Mengfu's overlapping mountains on the Yangtze River, are all excellent works. "Bamboo poetry volume", written in the seventh year of Hongzhi (1494), was more than 60 years old. Ink on paper. Running script, long scroll. It is 28.2 cm in length and 582.6 cm in width. Collected in Shanghai Museum. There is Wu Kuan's postscript at the beginning of the three chapters of Han Changli's poetry by Mi Fu's calligraphy Mo Tuo, saying: "in the past, people said that MI Haiyue's calligraphy was like a horse blowing in the wind. If you look at it calmly and happily, you should go hand in hand with King Zhong In the autumn of the second year of Chenghua, Wu Kuan in Yanling. Wu Kuan: (in line with the seal of Chinese Calligraphers and calligraphers) Chenghua two years (1466, Bing Xu), Wu Kuan was 31 years old, Yanling Town belonged to Danyang County of Jiangsu province. In the Jinshi record, Wu Guang's registered residence was "China's master", and it might be moved to Suzhou by Yanling (Danyang), a former Jinshi scholar.

library

Wu kuanxi collected books and had a lot of friends with the book collectors Shen Zhou and Wang Zhen. Most of his books were copied in red ink. At that time, most of the book collectors in Wuzhong praised the secret and precious books, such as Zhu Cunli, Yan Qishan and Du Mu. Ye Dehui said that "since the Ming Dynasty, the most precious book collectors have been fighting for is Wu's copy.". "Jingzhiju Shihua" says: "at that time, most of the book collectors in Wuzhong respected the secret books, but Zhu Xingfu, Wu Yuanbo, Yan Xiuqing and Du xuanjing all copied them by themselves. Pao'an's posthumous notes are handed down by the public. They are marked by private records. The predecessors are romantic and can't reach them. " There are 10 volumes of Ji Kang Ji, including one postscript by Gu Guangqi and one postscript by Zhang Yanchang, and three postscripts by Huang Bulei. As an official in Beijing, he was awarded books such as Zhenguan Zhengyao. The name of the library is "congshutang". One volume of congshutang bibliography has been lost. There is "Xianzong record" in advance. He has 77 volumes of jiacangji.

Character evaluation

Li Dongyang: you have to accept this person in the room.

Xie Qian: Wu Gong's family background, years and expectations were all ahead of Wu Gong's.

Liu Jian: broad line, noble shoes, pure ambition. Power and glory, where retreat like a coward. However, reading everything in the book is mellow, with ancient methods. Poetry is rich and deep, especially strict in style. The scale of the book is Su Wenzhong. In his life, he attached great importance to ethics, benedicted kindness and righteousness, and did a lot of good deeds. Although the position is obvious, it is not used. On the day of his death, all the literati and officials sighed.

Wang Wei: Wu Wen is defined as Wen, which is not carved. The style of Wu Wen is simple and meaningful. Shu and Xu have the style of Europe, and Lao Cheng has the style of Han. For poetry, it is natural without any trace; it is calm and strong, and it washes away the new habits of modern times. Although the scale of writing is similar to Su's, there are many complacent people.

Du Mu: the wisdom of Shuhan is that it will not reduce Su (Su Shi).

Huang shengzeng: up to now, Wu Renshan's calligraphy, Zhang Cao's name is song Ke, and Nengping's name is Xu Youzhen, Li Yingzhen and Wu Kuan.

Tang Shu: he is clean and intelligent. The resident official is simple and careful, and does not want to be involved. According to Yaojin, although you called repeatedly to stay, but did not retire home. Not for the impassioned behavior, but to be upright and self-sustaining, there is no death, not with the mediocre, elegant words, refined. It is beneficial to talk about the eastern palace, the funeral ceremony and the temple.

Xiang Dushou: Wu wending is loyal and honest, and has a good nature. And read its text, gentle, in and out of Europe and the Soviet Union, become a family. Faith has virtue and speech.

Tu Long: Shang Wenyi (Shang Fu), Peng Wenxian (Peng Shi), Liu Wenjing (Liu Jian), Xie Wenzheng (Xie Qian), Yang Wenyi Shouchen (Yang Shouchen), Wang Wenke (Wang Fu) and Wu wending were broad-minded, upright and upright. They were able to adjust their moral character without revealing their talents. Their achievements were not limited to the years, but they were calm on the outside and awe inspiring in the heart. If you don't recruit them, and if you don't command them, there is the wind of an ancient minister. place

Chinese PinYin : Wu Kuan