Kangxi

Aisingioro xuanye

Aixinjueluo Xuanye, the founder of the Qing Dynasty

(May 4, 1654 to December 20, 1722), the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the second emperor after Beijing was established as the capital of the Qing Dynasty (1661-1722), with the year name of Kangxi. The Mongols called it enkhamugulanghan or amugulanghan, while the Tibetans honored it as "Manjusri emperor". The third son of emperor Shunzhi was born to Tong Jia, Empress of xiaokangzhang.

Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne at the age of 8 and was in charge at the age of 14. He has been in power for 61 years and is the longest emperor in Chinese history. At the beginning of the reign, the domestic and international situation was very severe. In the face of severe situation, he insisted on large-scale use of troops to achieve territorial integrity and reunification. When Emperor Kangxi was young, he defeated the powerful minister aobai, completely regained the power of the imperial court, and began to really take charge of the government. In the ninth year, the imperial program was solemnized, the cabinet system was restored, and the sixteen articles of the Oracle were promulgated. In 1681, he put an end to the rebellion of San Francisco, eliminated the Ming Zheng regime in Taiwan, unified Taiwan, defeated the Tsarist Russian invading army, signed the Treaty of nebuchu to ensure China's sovereignty over the Heilongjiang River Basin, fought against kardan and won, and established the "Duolun alliance" to replace the war and contact the Mongolian ministries. At the same time, we should pay attention to recuperation and economic development. However, Emperor Kangxi was tired and diligent in his later years, resulting in the corruption of official administration. In addition, many princes scrambled for the throne because of the abolition of the crown prince, which had a negative impact on Emperor Kangxi's politics in his later years.

Emperor Kangxi was the defender of a unified multi-ethnic country, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty and created the overall situation of the prosperous period of Kangxi and Qianlong. Some scholars respected him as "one emperor for thousands of years", while others respected him as "one emperor for thousands of years". Kangxi 61 years (1722) lunar November 13 collapsed in changchunyuan, 69 years old. Temple name

Saint

His posthumous title is He Tian Hong Yun, Wen Wu Rui, Zhe, Gong Jian, Kuan Yu, filial piety, honesty and meritorious accomplishment

Emperor Ren

, buried in Jingling. It is said to be located in the fourth son, Yinzhen.

Life of the characters

Early learning

On March 18, 1654, Xuanye was born in Jingren palace, the Forbidden City of Beijing. His mother, Tong Jia, empress xiaokangzhang, was a concubine. When empress shizai said hello to the empress dowager, when she went out, she saw a dragon around her body. Only empress Xiaozhuang knew that empress xiaokangzhang was pregnant. Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang said: "I had this kind of scene when I was pregnant with emperor Shunzhi, and now Tong Jia's is the same."

As soon as Xuanye was born, he was liked by his young parents. Shunzhi emperor entrusted a reliable nurse to take him outside the Forbidden City to nurse him. When he was a child, he did not suffer from smallpox. His parents were afraid that he would get this incurable disease, so they had to take this measure. As a result, he didn't get a day's love at his parents' knees. Many years later, Emperor Kangxi was still filled with regret. But his smallpox was not life-threatening, leaving only a few tiny pockmarks on his face. This gave him lifelong immunity to the most terrible disease of his time. And his acne has become a favorable factor for him to ascend the throne in the future. Xuanye began to read and read at the age of five, and soon showed his talent for hard work. According to historical records, Xuanye is handsome and powerful. When he was six years old, he said hello to his father with his brothers. Shizu Fulin asked the princes what they wanted to do most. The emperor's second son Fuquan said that it is enough to be a virtuous king. Only Xuanye said that he hoped to follow his father's example. So Fulin attaches great importance to Xuanye.

Later, Emperor Kangxi talked about his study. At the age of eight, he studied Yong and exegesis, inquired about it, sought the general idea, and then enjoyed it. Every day, readers will recite every word and never deceive themselves. And the book of the four sons has been passed through, but I read the Shangshu, and in the exegesis of the ancient emperors, I realized the meaning of the ancient emperors' assiduous pursuit of governance. " Then, "reading the book of changes, watching the images and playing with them, we can really feel the meaning and reason of the book. Since then, he has developed a good habit of reading, "never tired" and "never tired of learning". He often studies late into the night without being tired. When he was 17 or 8 years old, he was too tired to stop because of reading. What he said about his study is not a boast. According to the official records, he is not over praised for his "imperial politics, sages' mind learning and the gist of the six classics".

Young emperor

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In the first month of the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), Xuanye was only eight years old. At the age of 24, Emperor Fulin of Shunzhi suddenly died of illness. Emperor Shunzhi didn't have a prince in his lifetime. In 1661, he accepted Tang ruowang's suggestion on his deathbed. Because Xuanye was immune to smallpox, he chose him as his successor and made Xuanye his prince in the form of a posthumous edict. On the ninth day of the first month of that year (February 8), Xuanye was located in the hall of supreme harmony. He was only 6 years old (8 years old). He issued an amnesty and changed it to the first year of Kangxi. At the same time, the imperial edict of Shunzhi appointed Sonny, suksaha, ebilong and aobai as assistant ministers. Xuanye lost his father at the age of eight, and his mother Tong Jia, Empress of xiaokangzhang, was seriously ill when he was ten. When his mother is seriously ill, Xuanye "attends every day and night, tastes the medicine personally, without eyes and clothes"; when he loses his mother at the age of ten, Xuanye keeps vigil day and night, without water or rice, and wails incessantly. Kangxi later recalled that when he was a child, he was "at the knees of his parents, but he didn't get a day's pleasure.".

The situation of the four auxiliary ministers united to assist the government did not last long, and the contradictions and struggles between them became increasingly open and fierce. Among the four, aobai is gradually monopolizing real power. He was proud and domineering at ordinary times, but at the beginning of "taking care of one's life", he was still cautious and fulfilled his oath. However, within three years, he revealed his arrogant and authoritarian ambition. He is at the end of the table, unwilling to be behind others, and he is offside everywhere. First of all, it is incompatible with suksaha. In June of 1667, Sony died of illness. On the seventh day of July, Emperor Kangxi, 14 years old, was officially in charge of the government. He was congratulated in the hall of Supreme Harmony and granted amnesty. However, only ten days later, aobai killed suksaha, who was also an assistant minister. A few days later, aobai and yibilong entered the first rank together. The actual political situation was not under the direct control of Emperor Kangxi.

At that time, Emperor Kangxi often called young bodyguards to play "buku" in the palace. On May 16, 1669 (June 14, 1669), he suddenly ordered these bodyguards to arrest them when they visited aobai. The Minister discussed 30 major crimes of aobai and asked for the punishment of his family. Emperor Kangxi read the credit of aobai and pardoned his death, so he was detained. However, many of aobai's brothers and nephews were killed, and soon aobai died in the detention center. Because of the long-term collusion with aobai, he was removed from the title of Taishi and first-class Duke. Thus Emperor Kangxi completely regained the power of the imperial court and began the real stage of being in charge of the government. After Emperor Kangxi eradicated aobai, he screened out officials, rewarded hundreds of officials for writing and saying things for suksaha and other Zhaoxue who were executed by the order of aobai, prohibited land enclosure and other malpractices, and practiced imperial power.

Flatten San Francisco

In March of the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, asked to return to old Liaodong, but he asked his son Shang Zhixin to continue to guard Guangdong, which triggered a heated debate on whether to withdraw the vassal. Finally, Emperor Kangxi thought that "the vassal town had been holding heavy troops for a long time, and it was not in the interests of the state.". In July, Wu Sangui pretended to ask for an order to withdraw the vassal, and Emperor Kangxi agreed. In November of the same year, Wu Sangui proposed to fight against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty in Yunnan, killing Zhu Guozhi, governor of Yunnan. In the following year, he sent generals to attack Hunan and captured Changde, Changsha, Yuezhou, Lizhou, Hengzhou and other places. He also sent out people to spread the proclamation. Sun Yanling, the general of Guangxi, and Luo Sen, the governor of Sichuan, and many other local officials fought against the Qing Dynasty. Then, Fujian Geng Jingzhong was also against. In just a few months, the six provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Fujian and Sichuan were lost, and the Qing Empire was in danger. Later, Wang Fuchen, governor of Shaanxi Province, and Shang Zhixin of Guangdong Province also rebelled one after another, and the rebellion extended to Guangdong, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces.

Emperor Kangxi's countermeasures were to strike Wu Sangui firmly and never give him the chance to compromise and make peace, while he opened the door to appease other rebels, so as to divide the enemy forces, weaken Wu Sangui's wings and isolate Wu Sangui. Under this policy, Emperor Kangxi took Hunan as the focus of his military attack, and ordered le'erjin and others to lead the army to Jingzhou and Wuchang to confront Wu Sangui and attack Hunan. He also ordered Prince An Yue le to go from Jiangxi to Changsha to attack Hunan. In addition, Emperor Kangxi let go of Han generals and soldiers. In 1676, Wang Fu Chen of Shaanxi Province and Geng Jingzhong of Fujian Province surrendered successively under the attack of the Qing army. Shang Zhixin of Guangdong also surrendered in 1677. Shaanxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi were all pacified successively. Wu Sangui was confined to a corner of Hunan, and foreign aid was cut off day by day. However, the Qing army had entered Changsha from Jiangxi Province, and its failure was inevitable.

In March of the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), Wu Sangui became emperor in Hengzhou. He was named Zhou and was granted the title of general. He soon became ill with anxiety and anger and died in August. After Wu Sangui's death, his ministry established his grandson Wu Shifan to succeed him and retired to Yungui. Since then, the Qing army has recovered Hunan, Guangxi and Sichuan. In the winter of the 20th year of Kangxi (1681), the Qing army conquered Kunming, Wu Shili committed suicide, and San Francisco was pacified.

Unification of Taiwan

After the end of the San Francisco rebellion, it was put on the agenda to bring Taiwan into the territory. In 1681, Zheng Jing, the son of Zheng Chenggong, died. There was a coup in Taiwan. Zheng Kelong, who was only 12 years old, succeeded to the throne of Yanping king. In fact, Feng Xifan and Liu GuoXuan were in charge of the power. The centripetal force of Zheng officials began to waver, and Fu Weilin, who was in charge of the peace talks with the Qing Dynasty, even wanted to be an insider. Yao Qisheng, governor of Fujian Province, thought it was a good time to attack Taiwan and recommended Shi Lang to Emperor Kangxi.

In 1683, Emperor Kangxi took Shi Lang as his blessing

Chinese PinYin : Kang Xi