Gu Kaizhi

Gu Kaizhi

Gu Kaizhi (348-409) was born in Wuxi, Jinling (now Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province), Han nationality. He is an outstanding painter, painting theorist and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Because of his great achievements in literature and painting, people call him "painting Jue", "literature Jue" and "crazy Jue".

Gu Kaizhi is erudite and versatile. He is good at poetry, calligraphy, especially painting. When he was proficient in portraits of human beings, Buddhas, animals, landscapes and so on, he was called "three unique skills": painting unique skills, literature unique skills and crazy unique skills. Xie an deeply thought that there was nothing in the world. Gu Kaizhi, together with Cao Buxing, Lu Tanwei and Zhang sengyao, is known as the "four masters of the Six Dynasties". Gu Kaizhi's painting is intended to convey the spirit. His arguments such as "moving the imagination and writing the spirit with the form" lay the foundation for the development of traditional Chinese painting.

Life of the characters

Gu Kaizhi once joined the army of Huan Wen and Yin Zhongkan. During the reign of Yixi (405-418), he was appointed as a general servant of Tongzhi. Liu Yu's northern expedition to murongchao, Nanyan, and Kaizhi's writing of sacrificing teeth (flag). He has many talents, such as poetry, calligraphy, especially painting. He is known as a talent, painting and infatuation. More for portraits and immortals, Buddha, animals, landscape and so on. The painter pays attention to the finishing point, and portrays himself vividly in the cloud, which is in the eyes. It's a portrait of Pei Kai with three hairs on his cheek. The mural of Vimalakirti painted in wajiangsi, Jiankang, is dazzling and a sensation.

Later generations discussed his painting, meaning first, painting intention; meticulous handwriting, continuous strength, such as silkworms spinning. He and his Southern Song Dynasty painter Lu Tanwei are called Gu Lu and named Mi Ti, which is different from the Shu Ti of Liang Zhang sengyao and Tang Wu Daozi. His works include "on painting", "praise of shengliu painting in Wei and Jin Dynasties" and "notes on painting Yuntai Mountain", in which the ideas of moving to the wonderful place and writing the spirit with shape have a great influence on the development of Chinese painting. The surviving biography of women's history is an early copy of Zhang Hua's admonition of restraining imperial concubines in the Western Jin Dynasty. In 1900, the Allied forces of the eight powers invaded Beijing and were robbed by the British forces from the Qing Dynasty palace. It is now stored in the British Museum in London. Gu's other work, the admonition of women's history, is a copy of the Song Dynasty.

Gu Kaizhi's works, according to the records of the Tang and Song Dynasties, include not only political portraits of celebrities, but also Buddhist images, which were part of the popular themes at that time. In addition, there are birds and animals, which are related to the paintings of Han Dynasty. He also drew some images of immortals, because that was also a popular belief at that time. And the most noteworthy thing is that he painted many portraits of celebrities. This changed the Han Dynasty to advocate ethics based atmosphere, and reflects the new method of observing the characters and the new purpose of artistic expression, that is, to pay attention to the speech and talent of the characters without ethics and politics. This represents the expansion of the field of vision of painting art, thus putting forward new requirements for figure painting -- the performance of human character and spiritual characteristics. In Gu Kaizhi's works, we can see that he repeatedly emphasizes the description of people's expression and mental state. Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei and Zhang sengyou were the three most important painters in the northern and Southern Dynasties, representing the rapid development and maturity of figure painting in Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaiyu highly praised his paintings, saying: "Zhang sengyou got his flesh, Lu Tanwei got his bone, Gu Kaizhi got his spirit. "

Main achievements

Gu Kaizhi is good at poetry, especially painting. He is good at portraits, historical figures, Taoist hermeneutics, animals, landscapes and other subjects. The figure painting advocates vividness and pays attention to the finishing touch. It thinks that "the vivid portrayal is in the eyes". Pay attention to the description of physiological details, the expression of the characters, painting Pei Kai, add three cents on the cheek, suddenly feel radiant. He is good at using environment description to show the character's interest. Xie Kun was painted in the rock gully, highlighting the character and interest of the characters. The pattern of the figure's clothing is described by Gaogu gossamer, and the lines are tight and continuous, such as spring silkworms spinning, spring clouds floating in the air, flowing water, natural and smooth.

Gu Kaizhi has also made outstanding achievements in painting theory. There are three pieces of painting theory, namely, praise of shengliu painting in Wei and Jin Dynasties, on painting and notes of painting Yuntai mountain. It advocates that painting should show the character's mental state and personality characteristics, pay attention to the experience and observation of the object, grasp the internal essence of the object by moving the idea of wonderful, and write the spirit by shape on the basis of similarity. Gu Kaizhi's painting and his theory laid the foundation for the development of traditional Chinese painting.

Character evaluation

Gu Kaizhi is knowledgeable and talented, and is famous in the history of ancient Chinese painting. He is good at poetry, calligraphy, especially painting. Workers, Buddha, animals, mountains and rivers, etc. The paintings such as "the admonition of women's history", "the Fu of Luoshen", "the benevolence and wisdom of women" and "the pianqin" can be regarded as treasures. In the aspect of painting theory, Gu Kaizhi also put forward some viewpoints, such as "vivid portrayal", "depicting spirit with form" and "moving to wonderful thinking". He attached great importance to experience and observation, and advocated to express the inner mental state of the characters through painting.

Gu Kaizhi is erudite and talented. People all over the world evaluate him as "three great talents" -- talent, painting and infatuation. His paintings have the characteristics of applying and dyeing appearance, adding a little ornament with thick color, not seeking halo decoration; the handwriting is thorough and continuous, such as spring silkworms spinning silk, spring clouds floating in the air. In history, Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei and Zhang sengyou are collectively known as the "four masters of the Six Dynasties". He is proficient in painting theory, and his arguments such as "moving to the wonderful idea" and "describing the spirit with form" have a great influence on the development of traditional painting in China.

Gu Kaizhi is addicted to art and literature, but indifferent to fame and wealth. He achieves his highest artistic achievement with his philosophy of "being both witty and clever" and "being wise and protecting himself".

personal works

overview

Gu Kaizhi has many paintings, such as the portrait of King Sima Xuan, the portrait of xie'an, the portrait of Liu Gu, the portrait of Wang'an period, the portrait of Ruan Xiu, the portrait of Ruan Xian, the portrait of emperor Jin, the portrait of King Sima Xuan and the two princes of Wei, the portrait of the beauty of the king of Guiyang, the picture of boating, the picture of tiger and leopard mixed with birds of prey, the picture of Fu Yan waterfowl, the picture of Lushan meeting, the picture of Shuifu, the picture of walking three dragons, the picture of Xiayu water control, etc. The original works of Gu Kaizhi have not been preserved. It is said that the copies of Gu Kaizhi's works include the pictures of women's history, Luo Shen Fu and lie Nu Ren Zhi. The painting of women's history is a silk copy with light colors. It is collected in the British Museum in London, England. Most people think it is a copy of the Tang Dynasty.

"The painting of zhuoqin"

The painting of zhuoqin is one of the copies of Song Dynasty. Although this painting is not as famous as Luoshen Fu Tu or more representative than Luoshen Fu Tu, it still highlights Gu Kaizhi's unique style. This picture depicts the scene of ancient literati making Qin. The painting of women's history

"Women's history" refers to palace women, while "admonition" means admonishment. During the reign of emperor Hui in the early Jin Dynasty, empress Jia was a tyrant, jealous, deceitful and licentious. Zhang Hua, a scholar, wrote an article "women's history admonition" based on the deeds of the past dynasties, which was regarded as a famous piece of "bitter Chen admonition and Zhuang Yan warning". Gu Kaizhi, a talented painter, divided this famous piece into several sections and painted it one by one. He also inscribed the admonition on the side of the painting. Thus came the famous work "admonition of women's history" in Chinese history.

There are two silk copies of the painting of women's history. One is kept in the Palace Museum. Experts think it is a copy of the Southern Song Dynasty, which is less artistic. The other one is more artistic, which can better reflect Gu Kaizhi's painting style and the original appearance of the painting. Experts think it may be a copy of the Tang Dynasty. It was originally collected in the palace of Qing Dynasty. Unfortunately, the poor and the poor of the country suffered a lot. This copy is kept in the tje British Museum, London, England.

Luo Shen Fu Tu

One of the top ten famous paintings handed down from generation to generation in China. The original volume of Luo Shen Fu TU was painted by Gu Kaizhi, a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Song Dynasty). It was made of silk, with 27.1cm in length and 572.8cm in width. This painting is based on Cao Zhi's famous Luo Shen Fu and is a masterpiece handed down by Gu Kaizhi. The whole volume is divided into three parts, which describes the sincere and pure love story between Cao Zhi and Luoshen. This scroll is worthy of being one of the treasures of Chinese classical painting in terms of content, artistic structure, figure shape, environment description and ink expression.

Anecdotes and allusions

be obsessed

Not long after Gu Kaizhi was born, his mother died. Gu Kaizhi because other children have mothers, but he does not. He pestered his father and asked, "why don't I have a mother?" The father said, "why don't you have a mother?"? Gu Kaizhi pursued: "what does my mother look like?" Father had to bear the heart to describe to him. Gu Kaizhi painted his mother again and again with his father's description. Every time after painting, he would ask his father if he looked like him. His father always expressed regret after affirming. But Gu Kaizhi was not discouraged. He kept on painting. Only when his father's eyes lit up and said, "like, like so much," did he put down his brush with satisfaction. So his mother lived forever in his heart.

Craziness

According to the biography of Gu Kaizhi in the book of Jin, she tasted the joy of a neighbor's daughter, picked the Buddha's followers, drew her shape on the wall, nailed her heart with a needle, and she suffered from heartache. Kaizhi's feeling was aroused by her, and her daughter followed her. Then she went to the needle and healed. Literati and refined scholars are full of sentimental feelings. It is common for them to like girls and opera girls. There is no exception from ancient times. Gu Kaizhi is crazy, but he is scheming.

Wishful thinking

It is said in Shishuoxinyu that Gu Kaizhi's eating sugarcane is abnormal. Others start from the sweetest place and throw it away when it's not sweet. Gu Kaizhi starts from the end when he eats sugarcane. The sweeter he eats, the better he gets. Gu Kaizhi's sweet taste of sugarcane contains profound philosophy of life, which is the wisdom of life.

Historical records

Book of Jin · biography 62 · Wenyuan · Gu Kaizhi

Gu Kaizhi, long as Kang, was born in Wuxi, Jinling. Gu Kaizhi's life story is not recorded in historical sites

Chinese PinYin : Gu Kai Zhi